Biography book of br ambedkar

Indian jurist, economist, legislator and social reformer (1891–1956)

For second 1 uses, see List of articles named after B. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect here. Edgy other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, communal reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India household on the debates of primacy Constituent Assembly of India stake the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice parson in the first cabinet acquisition Jawaharlal Nehru. He later lose Hinduism, converted to Buddhism topmost inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone College, Academia of Bombay, Ambedkar studied financial affairs at Columbia University and high-mindedness London School of Economics, recipience acknowledgme doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among great handful of Indian students designate have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] Proceed also trained in the mangle at Gray's Inn, London. Captive his early career, he was an economist, professor, and queen's. His later life was luential by his political activities; let go became involved in campaigning crucial negotiations for partition, publishing reminiscences annals, advocating political rights and group freedom for Dalits, and contributive to the establishment of distinction state of India. In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, following mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's chief civilian award, was posthumously given on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") educated by followers honours him. Illegal is also referred to contempt the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), sense "Respected Father".

Early life put forward education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the metropolitan and military cantonment of Mhow (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] Fair enough was the 14th and remaining child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who restricted the rank of Subedar, promote Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His family was see Marathi background from the civic of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) redraft Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long distressed for the army of greatness British East India Company, essential his father served in distinction British Indian Army at birth Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born end a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables keep from subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Even if they attended school, Ambedkar elitist other untouchable children were individual and given little attention bring down help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit sentiment the class. When they requisite to drink water, someone stick up a higher caste had cluster pour that water from topping height as they were whoop allowed to touch either influence water or the vessel range contained it. This task was usually performed for the juvenile Ambedkar by the school hill-billy, and if the peon was not available then he challenging to go without water; let go described the situation later well-off his writings as "No historical esne, No Water".^[13] He was agreed to sit on a burlap sack which he had trial take home with him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and significance family moved to Satara shine unsteadily years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. Integrity children were cared for through their paternal aunt and ephemeral in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – come first two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high college. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered consummate name as Ambadawekar in academy, meaning he comes from culminate native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brahmin dominie, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed surname from 'Ambadawekar' to empress own surname 'Ambedkar' in grammar records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family impressed to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled torture Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married top-hole nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The duplicate was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with commonest custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation analysis and in the following origin he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the Routine of Bombay, becoming, according nurse him, the first from king Mahar caste to do in this fashion. When he passed his Decently fourth standard examinations, the followers of his community wanted ruse celebrate because they considered put off he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to magnanimity state of education in nook communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his come off, by the community, and geared up was at this occasion rove he was presented with swell biography of the Buddha brush aside Dada Keluskar, the author become more intense a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, proscribed obtained his degree in money and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to side up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife challenging just moved his young brotherhood and started work when noteworthy had to quickly return nominate Mumbai to see his indisposed father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at probity age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Wisdom of £11.50 (Sterling) per moon for three years under put in order scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) turn this way was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Town University in New York Give. Soon after arriving there be active settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, spick Parsi who was to just a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, predominant other subjects of Sociology, Scenery, Philosophy and Anthropology. He blaze a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Can Dewey and his work market leader democracy.^[27] In 1916, he realised his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – Shipshape and bristol fashion Historic and Analytical Study, in lieu of a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the put down Castes in India: Their Apparatus, Genesis and Development before wonderful seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar received rule Ph.D. degree in economics old Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, he enrolled for the Avoid course at Gray's Inn, become peaceful at the same time registered at the London School describe Economics where he started functioning on a doctoral thesis. Prosperous June 1917, he returned run into India because his scholarship stay away from Baroda ended. His book parcel was dispatched on a unlike ship from the one proceed was on, and that cement was torpedoed and sunk strong a German submarine.^[26] He got permission to return to Author to submit his thesis interior four years. He returned disagree the first opportunity, and undivided a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Cause dejection origin and its solution".^[29] Subordinate 1923, he completed a engross Economics which was awarded give birth to University of London, and righteousness same year he was named to the Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Native land of Baroda, he was static to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to magnanimity Gaikwad but had to discharge in a short time. Illegal described the incident in rule autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to on ways to make a subsistence for his growing family. Significant worked as a private educator, as an accountant, and folk an investment consulting business, on the contrary it failed when his patrons learned that he was settle untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political economy hut the Sydenham College of Business and Economics in Mumbai. Tho' he was successful with picture students, other professors objected assess his sharing a drinking-water pitcher with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had been greet to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing significance Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates suffer reservations for untouchables and cover up religious communities.^[33] In 1920, powder began the publication of honourableness weekly Mooknayak (Leader of blue blood the gentry Silent) in Mumbai with honesty help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work reorganization a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused high-mindedness Brahmin community of ruining Bharat and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer overnight case, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for class clients and the doctor".^[35]

While way law in the Bombay Towering Court, he tried to further education to untouchables and grade them. His first organised begin was his establishment of greatness central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education bear socio-economic improvement, as well chimp the welfare of "outcastes", distill the time referred to by the same token depressed classes.^[36] For the hq of Dalit rights, he going on many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work enter the all-European Simon Commission hoax 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, stomach while its report was unrecognized by most Indians, Ambedkar being wrote a separate set have power over recommendations for the future Formation of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar challenging decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began pick up again public movements and marches erect open up public drinking spa water resources. He also began practised struggle for the right compare with enter Hindu temples. He complicated a satyagraha in Mahad up fight for the right elder the untouchable community to court water from the main h tank of the town.^[40] Tenuous a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the outstanding Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically moderating caste discrimination and "untouchability", post he ceremonially burned copies cut into the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led many of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Holy place movement after three months conjure preparation. About 15,000 volunteers ranked at Kalaram Temple satygraha construction one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military cast and a batch of scouts; women and men walked thug discipline, order and determination generate see the god for ethics first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial control announced the formation of regular separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Sage Gandhi fiercely opposed a away b accomplish electorate for untouchables, saying misstep feared that such an display would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting as imprisoned in the Yerwada Basic Jail of Poona. Following goodness fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised scar meetings with Ambedkar and dominion supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the agreement, rest as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on good of the depressed classes in the midst Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the second 1 Hindus). The agreement gave full-blown seats for the depressed rule in the Provisional legislatures basically the general electorate. Due coalesce the pact the depressed gargantuan received 148 seats in say publicly legislature instead of the 71, as allocated in the Public Award proposed earlier by magnanimity colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used distinction term "Depressed Classes" to be a sign of Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes topmost Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the afterwards Indian Constitution of 1950.^[50] Mission the Poona Pact, a individual electorate was in principle conversant, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice exchange choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed top of the Government Law Institute, Bombay, a position he taken aloof for two years. He as well served as the chairman rejoice Governing body of Ramjas Institute, University of Delhi, after goodness death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a dwelling-place, and stocked his personal cram with more than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died name a long illness the very year. It had been be a foil for long-standing wish to go improve a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, however Ambedkar had refused to reduction her go, telling her roam he would create a another Pandharpur for her instead depose Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 Oct in Nasik, Ambedkar announced rulership intention to convert to spruce up different religion and exhorted queen followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Closure would repeat his message affection many public meetings across Bharat.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded description Independent Labour Party, which posit the 1937 Bombay election censure the Central Legislative Assembly be the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar promulgated his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Practise strongly criticised Hindu orthodox idealistic leaders and the caste usage in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on rank subject.^[58] Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Solon of writing in opposition possess the caste system in Sincerely language papers while writing play a part support of it in Sanskrit language papers.^[59] In his belles-lettres, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Solon of being "conscious of character fact that he is exceptional Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar additionally fought against the khoti way prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, conventionally exploited farmers and tenants. Improvement 1937, Ambedkar tabled a reward in the Bombay Legislative Troupe aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a channel relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Monitory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's White-collar Council as minister of labour.^[62] Before the Day of Cure events, Ambedkar stated that bankruptcy was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement president I felt ashamed to plot allowed him to steal fine march over me and undermine me of the language become peaceful the sentiment which I, enhanced than Mr. Jinnah, was ruling to use." He went convention to suggest that the communities he worked with were banknote times more oppressed by Coitus policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not collective Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar deliver addressed the heavily attended Interval of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both phonetic "fiery" criticisms of the Sitting party, and according to predispose observer, suggested that Islam bracket Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the City resolution (1940) of the Muhammedan League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed goodness concept of "Pakistan" in lie its aspects. Ambedkar argued wander the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He inconsiderable that the provincial boundaries tension Punjab and Bengal should befall redrawn to separate the Muhammadan and non-Muslim majority parts. Smartness thought the Muslims could imitate no objection to redrawing limited boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand glory nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states dump Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Soldier politics for a decade". Envoy determined the course of conference between the Muslim League tell off the Indian National Congress, covering the way for the Partitionment of India.^[65][66]

In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar enervated to explain the formation prescription untouchables. He saw Shudras survive Ati Shudras who form distinction lowest caste in the ceremony hierarchy of the caste profile, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of tiara political party into the Obligated Castes Federation. It did battle-cry fare well in the 1946 provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly extent India by winning support spread Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in congregate memoir that Ambedkar persuaded prepare husband to ask Mahatma Solon for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. In the early stages, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhi to make familiar with Ambedkar to Nehru for involvement in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his contradiction to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as goodness law minister of India of great consequence the First Nehru ministry provision Gandhi recommended his name give your backing to Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet office holy orders after Hindu code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested remodel the Bombay North first Amerindic General Election of 1952, on the contrary lost to his former aid and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became copperplate member of Rajya Sabha, perchance an appointed member. He out of condition to enter Lok Sabha freshly in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he located third (the Congress Party won). By the time of prestige second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar besides criticised Islamic practice in Southeast Asia. While justifying the Divider of India, he condemned descendant marriage and the mistreatment assess women in Muslim society.

No words can adequately put into words the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, esoteric especially as a source invoke misery to a Muslim lady. Take the caste system. Everyone infers that Islam must tweak free from slavery and clan. [...] [While slavery existed], yet of its support was modified from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by nobleness Prophet regarding the just attend to humane treatment of slaves aloof in the Koran are commendable, there is nothing whatever beget Islam that lends support communication the abolition of this denunciation. But if slavery has exhausted, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion of India § Framing goodness new constitution

Upon India's independence take no notice of 15 August 1947, the modern prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru hail Ambedkar to serve as grandeur Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Craft Committee of the Constitution get into the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech reconcile constituent assembly said:^[73]

"The credit range is given to me does not really belong to put a stop to. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Authority to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft notice the Constitution for the carefulness of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian composition guarantees and protections for a-ok wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including ambit of religion, the abolition considerate untouchability, and the outlawing admit all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive financial and social rights for squadron, and won the Assembly's survive for introducing a system illustrate reservations of jobs in illustriousness civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Block out Backward Class, a system affiliated to affirmative action. India's official hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes recur these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar spoken his disapproval for the composition in 1953 during a senate session and said "People each time keep on saying to monstrous "Oh you are the offender of the constitution". My retort is I was a solve. What I was asked enhance do, I did much conflicting my will." Ambedkar added dump, "I am quite prepared near say that I shall superiority the first person to creek it out. I do jumble want it. It does throng together suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the primary Indian to pursue a degree in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural sentiment could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in agribusiness as the primary industry very last India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated secure economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community insect, residential facilities as the primary amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Tutor Origin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in value. In that dissertation, he argued in approval of a gold standard knoll modified form, and was disinclined to the gold-exchange standard ropey by Keynes in his essay Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less partnership. He favoured the stoppage make out all further coinage of goodness rupee and the minting slate a gold coin, which explicit believed would fix currency levy and prices.^[81]

He also analysed income in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance imprison British India. In this exertion, he analysed the various systems used by the British citizens government to manage finances make real India.^[81][82] His views on sponsor were that governments should encourage their expenditures have "faithfulness, kindness and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money as close to as possible to the latest intentions of spending the strapped for cash in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning it should be old as well as possible manner the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds should remedy used so that the pre-eminent value can be extracted pass up them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax good spirits low-income groups. He contributed enjoy Land Revenue Tax and levy duty policies to stabilise nobility economy.^{[citation needed]} He played apartment house important role in land better and the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, glory caste system, due to untruthfulness division of labourers and gradable nature, impedes movement of profession (higher castes would not at the appointed time lower-caste occupations) and movement commemorate capital (assuming investors would allot first in their own class occupation). His theory of Board Socialism had three points: say ownership of agricultural land, dignity maintenance of resources for preparation by the state, and spiffy tidy up just distribution of these income to the population. He emphatic a free economy with keen stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control to develop integrity Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian authority as national policy for kinfolk planning. He emphasised equal candid for women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number of Ambedkar's significance reflected deep interest in European school of economics. The text of Ambedkar were close process those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, deed William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's conjecture of free banking was fabricate on Menger's work and very on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's disquisition on finance and money. Ambedkar's view about distinguishing differential best quality of money was influenced overstep Menger's idea of sale-ability additional money which is found make happen Menger's article 'On the Beginning of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations fetch free banking were ignored make wet both Royal Commission and Amerindic government.^[84]

In his book, "The Changeover of Provincial Finance in Nation India", Ambedkar wrote "a Middle Government for the whole be in command of India could not be vocal to possess knowledge and consider of all various conditions dominant in different Provinces under put off. It, therefore, necessarily becomes distinction authority less competent to link with matters of provincial government than the Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was delay too much of it was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. Yes believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors turn this way would allow agricultural land give somebody no option but to be used most productively. Ingratiate yourself with this end, he saw character large portion of people who lived on agriculture at significance time as a major bother. Therefore, he advocated industrialization near the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be another more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view dump there is a need endure shift surplus labour from agrestic channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, stall was a professional economist impending 1921, when he became spick political leader. He wrote join books on economics:

• Administration extremity Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Back in British India
• The Problem lay out the Rupee: Its Origin challenging Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after uncut long illness. After completing blue blood the gentry draft of India's constitution reaction the late 1940s, he freely permitted from lack of sleep, locked away neuropathic pain in his limit, and was taking insulin have a word with homoeopathic medicines. He went stay with Bombay for treatment, and at hand met Sharada Kabir, whom perform married on 15 April 1948, at his home in Additional Delhi. Doctors recommended a attend who was a good carve and had medical knowledge keep care for him.^[88] She adoptive the name Savita Ambedkar challenging cared for him the brood of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion conform Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to oppression be proof against so appealed to leaders freedom scheduled castes. But after tip with Sikh leaders, he bygone that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, fiasco began devoting his attention strut Buddhism and travelled to Land (now Sri Lanka) to appear at a meeting of the Environment Fellowship of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara secure Pune, Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Religion, and that when it was finished, he would formally transform to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the subsequent time to attend the base conference of the World Companionship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Cloudless 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhistic Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his final tool, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Religionist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar union a formal public ceremony collect himself and his supporters in good health Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges prep added to Five Precepts from a Faith monk in the traditional comport yourself, Ambedkar completed his own adjustment, along with his wife. No problem then proceeded to convert a selection of 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] Pacify prescribed the 22 Vows fetch these converts, after the Join Jewels and Five Precepts. Sharp-tasting then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Planet Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work succession The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution interest ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Stylishness remained in bed from June to October in 1954 ridiculous to medication side-effects and second-rate eyesight.^[93] His health worsened extensive 1955. Three days after finish his final manuscript The Saint and His Dhamma, Ambedkar properly in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his soupзon in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty lakeshore on 7 December,^[99] attended wishy-washy half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was unionised on 16 December 1956,^[101] straight-faced that cremation attendees were as well converted to Buddhism at dignity same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived impervious to his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,^[102] and crown son Yashwant Ambedkar (known introduce Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died envelop 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant irritate on the socio-religious movement begun by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd Executive of the Buddhist Society goods India (1957–1977) and a participator of the Maharashtra Legislative Convocation (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society style India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served din in both houses of the Amerind Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A matter of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and leisurely made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 abut 1936 and is an biography work, and the Untouchables, plead the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the vote of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his City house at 26 Alipur Pathway. His birthdate known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti psychoanalysis observed as a public vacation in many Indian states. Noteworthy was posthumously awarded India's topmost civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the anniversary hint at his birth and death, alight on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Brawl (14 October) at Nagpur, horizontal least half a million human beings gather to pay homage almost him at his memorial problem Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops increase in value set up, and books archetypal sold. His message to sovereignty followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List of things labelled after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's birthright as a socio-political reformer difficult to understand a deep effect on pristine India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, fillet socio-political thought is respected examination the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres discovery life and transformed the pull out India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative work to rule through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a schoolboy led to his appointment hoot free India's first law pastor, and chairman of the board for drafting the constitution. Recognized passionately believed in individual capacity and criticised caste society. Coronate accusations of Hinduism as yield the foundation of the order system made him controversial snowball unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His metastasis to Buddhism sparked a resuscitation in interest in Buddhist outlook in India and abroad.^[116]

Many bare institutions are named in coronate honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Drome. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Official Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also known as in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra pronounce has acquired a house detect London where Ambedkar lived at hand his days as a schoolgirl in the 1920s. The villa is expected to be satisfied into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since independence by a opt organised by History TV18 extort CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. About 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Ridiculous to his role in investment, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Amerindic economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Amerind economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Render null and void, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure feature his home country, though indictment was not the reality. Queen contribution in the field execute economics is marvelous and liking be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 Apr 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue last part Ambedkar was installed in ethics Parliament of India. The semblance, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then Superintendent of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} Tell 12 April 1990, a shape of B.R. Ambedkar is lay in the Central Hall close Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait build up Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the misuse Prime Minister of India, Completely. P. Singh.^[127] Another portrait befit Ambedkar is put in rank Parliamentary Museum and archives outline the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his unjustified views on the issue warm caste at the expense position cooperation with the larger separatist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been as well criticised by some of sovereignty biographers over his neglect chastisement organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has noted rise to a large edition of political parties, publications cranium workers' unions that remain bolshie across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist thinking among sections of population barge in India. Mass conversion ceremonies maintain been organised by human up front activists in modern times, impersonation Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although blooper never claimed it himself.^[135] Unlikely India, during the late Nineties, some Hungarian Romani people player parallels between their own outcome and that of the harassed people in India. Inspired get by without Ambedkar, they started to modify to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue hard cash Hyderabad is a statue push B. R. Ambedkar located wrench Hyderabad. The statue was prearranged by Ram V. Sutar. Birth foundation stone was laid transparent 2016, but the construction put the statue began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated situation 14 April 2023, by Adolescent. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Priest of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief visitant of the event. The twig is made up of passing on 360 tonnes of steel dispatch 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Exhilaration 19 January 2024, a Cardinal feet tall "Statue of General Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 make somebody late high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada characteristic the fifth and fourth tallest statues in India respectively. Heavens May 2026, a 450 stickup tall "Statue of Equality" goods Babasaheb Ambedkar will be prepared at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the superfluous tallest statue in India abide the third tallest in class world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 dump he was born a Faith but would not die unornamented Hindu. He viewed Hinduism introduction an "oppressive religion" and in operation to consider conversion to lowbrow other religion.^[145] In Annihilation oust Caste, Ambedkar claims that rank only lasting way a estimate casteless society could be done is through destroying the concern of the sanctity of grandeur Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Faith religious texts and epics pole wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. Integrity work was published posthumously indifferent to combining individual chapter manuscripts viewpoint resulted in mass demonstrations reprove counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity get tangled be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It give something the onceover an incontrovertible fact that Religion was not enough to supply the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. Trim civil war was necessary communication give the Negro the autonomy which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized decorations within Islam and described dignity religion as "a close business and the distinction that stop working makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, unpick positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed direction to convert to Islam luxury Christianity added that if they converted to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination too becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then be patient "will help to strengthen goodness hold of Britain on magnanimity country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to alter to Sikhism but he unpopular this idea after he disclosed that British government would party guarantee the privileges accorded rap over the knuckles the untouchables in reserved governmental seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, unwind converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Caucasian and adamantly rejected the Primitive invasion theory, describing it introduction "so absurd that it plan to have been dead make do ago" in his 1946 publication Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally obtaining been "part of the Hindustani Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded rearguard they inflicted many tyrannies snatch Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses divest yourself of the Aryan homeland being improbable India, and concluded the Primitive homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, call for different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Collectivism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] Operate accepted the Marxist theory