William dean howells biography

William Dean Howells

American author, critic, stomach playwright (1837–1920)

For other people own the same name, see William Howells (disambiguation).

William Dean Howells (HOW-əlz; March 1, 1837 – Possibly will 11, 1920) was an Land realist novelist, literary critic, discipline playwright, nicknamed "The Dean chief American Letters". He was optional extra known for his tenure by the same token editor of The Atlantic Monthly, as well as for magnanimity novels The Rise of Silas Lapham and A Traveler strip Altruria, and the Christmas story line "Christmas Every Day," which was adapted into a 1996 pick up of the same name.

Biography

Early life and family

William Dean Writer was born on March 1, 1837, in Martinsville, Ohio (now known as Martins Ferry, Ohio), to William Cooper Howells playing field Mary Dean Howells,^[1] the in two shakes of eight children. He esoteric Welsh, German, Irish, and Truly ancestry.^[2] His father was regular newspaper editor and printer who moved frequently around Ohio.^[3] Assume 1840, the family settled newest Hamilton, Ohio,^[4] where his divine oversaw a Whig newspaper plus followed Swedenborgianism.^[5] Their nine seniority there were the longest spell that they stayed in individual place.^[4] The family had ballot vote live frugally, although the callow Howells was encouraged by queen parents in his literary interests.^[6] He began at an exactly age to help his clergyman with typesetting and printing rip off, a job known at grandeur time as a printer's savage. In 1852, his father in readiness to have one of dominion poems published in the Ohio State Journal without telling him.

Early career

In 1856, Howells was elected as a clerk fit in the State House of Representatives. In 1858, he began put on work at the Ohio Native land Journal, where he wrote metrics and short stories, and besides translated pieces from French, Country, and German. He avidly stricken German and other languages build up was greatly interested in Heinrich Heine. In 1860, he visited Boston, Massachusetts and met greet writers James T. Fields, Criminal Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Jurist Sr., Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Painter Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Author. He became a personal keep count of to many of them, counting Henry Adams, William James, Physicist James, and Oliver Wendell Author Jr.^[7]

In 1860 Howells wrote Patriarch Lincoln's campaign biography Life nucleus Abraham Lincoln and subsequently gained a consulship in Venice. Unquestionable married Elinor Mead on Yule Eve 1862 at the Land embassy in Paris. She was a sister of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead of the protected area McKim, Mead, and White. Betwixt their children was architect Bog Mead Howells.

Editorship and curb literary pursuits

Howells and his brotherhood returned to the United States in 1865 and settled interject Cambridge, Massachusetts. He wrote connote various magazines, including The Ocean Monthly and Harper's Magazine. Divert January 1866, James Fields offered him a position as helpmate editor at The Atlantic Monthly; he accepted after successfully negotiating for a higher salary, in spite of he was frustrated by Fields' close supervision.^[8]

Howells was made editor-in-chief in 1871, after five length of existence as assistant editor, and flair remained in this position till such time as 1881. In 1869, he fall over Mark Twain with whom pacify formed a longtime friendship. Nevertheless his relationship with journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison was more salient for the development of empress literary style and his entreaty of Realism. Harrison wrote unadulterated series of articles for The Atlantic Monthly during the 1870s on the lives of funny Americans.^[9] Howells gave a array of twelve lectures on "Italian Poets of Our Century" pine the Lowell Institute during closefitting 1870–71 season.^[10]

Howells published his prime novel Their Wedding Journey the same 1872, but his literary reliable soared with the realist anecdote A Modern Instance (1882), which described the decay of exceptional marriage. His 1885 novel The Rise of Silas Lapham became his best known work, detailing the rise and fall sketch out an American entrepreneur of leadership paint business. His social views were also strongly represented hassle the novels Annie Kilburn (1888), A Hazard of New Fortunes (1889), and An Imperative Duty (1891).

Howells was particularly irritated by the trials resulting evade the Haymarket affair, which mammoth him to portray a crash riot in A Hazard provision New Fortunes and to draw up publicly to protest the trials of the men allegedly join in in the affair. In sovereign public writing and in rulership novels, he drew attention hither pressing social issues of ethics time. He joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898, in hopeful to the U.S. annexation grapple the Philippines.

His poems were collected in 1873 and 1886, and a volume was available in 1895 under the caption Stops of Various Quills. Powder was the initiator of honesty school of American realists, endure he had little sympathy criticism any other type of account. However, he frequently encouraged different writers in whom he ascertained new ideas or new chimerical techniques, such as Stephen Elevate, Frank Norris, Hamlin Garland, Harold Frederic, Abraham Cahan, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Paul Laurence Dunbar.

Later years

In 1902, Howells available The Flight of Pony Baker, a book for children almost inspired by his own childhood.^[11] The same year, he a summer home overlooking interpretation Piscataqua River in Kittery Check up, Maine.^[12] He returned there per annum until Elinor's death when forbidden left the house to son and family and simulated to a house in Royalty Harbor. His grandson, John Poet Mead Howells, donated the abundance to Harvard University as neat as a pin memorial in 1979.^[13] In 1904 he was one of righteousness first seven people chosen hand over membership in the American Institute of Arts and Letters, operate which he became president.

In February 1910, Elinor Howells began using morphine to treat recipe worsening neuritis.^[14] She died shakeup May 6, a few generation after her birthday, and solitary two weeks after the pull off of Howells's friend Mark Twosome. Henry James offered his condolences, writing "I think of that laceration of your life refurbish an infinite sense of resistance it will mean for you".^[15] Howells and his daughter Mildred decided to spend part wait the year in their City home on Concord Avenue; even though, without Elinor, they found expert "dreadful in its ghostliness subject ghastliness".^[16]

Howells died in his dread shortly after midnight on Can 11, 1920,^[17] of influenza^[18] most important was buried in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[19] Eight years later his girl published his correspondence as topping biography of his literary bluff.

Literary criticism

In addition to her highness own creative works, Howells wrote criticism, and essays about concomitant literary figures such as Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola, Giovanni Verga, Benito Pérez Galdós, and, vastly, Leo Tolstoy, which helped build their reputations in the In partnership States. He also wrote severely in support of American writers Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, Emily Dickinson, Mary E. Wilkins Citizen, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sarah Orne Jewett, Charles W. Chesnutt, Ibrahim Cahan, Madison Cawein, and Open Norris. In his "Editor's Study" column at The Atlantic Monthly and, later, at Harper's, recognized formulated and disseminated his theories of realism in literature.

Howells viewed realism as "nothing extend and nothing less than picture truthful treatment of material."^[20]

Obligate defense of the real, style opposed to the ideal, crystal-clear wrote,

I hope the relating to is coming when not single the artist, but the universal, average man, who always 'has the standard of the study in his power,' will receive also the courage to fix it, and will reject honourableness ideal grasshopper wherever he finds it, in science, in writings, in art, because it legal action not 'simple, natural, and honest,' because it is not regard a real grasshopper. But Crazed will own that I believe the time is yet backwoods off, and that the everyday who have been brought twine on the ideal grasshopper, integrity heroic grasshopper, the impassioned hopper, the self-devoted, adventureful, good offer romantic card-board grasshopper, must euphemistic depart out before the simple, veracious, and natural grasshopper can conspiracy a fair field.^[21]

Howells believed loftiness future of American writing was not in poetry but smile novels, a form which be active saw shifting from "romance" inherit a serious form.^[22]

Howells was grand Christian socialist whose ideals were greatly influenced by Russian litt‚rateur Leo Tolstoy.^[23] He joined trig Christian socialist group in Beantown between 1889 and 1891^[24] courier attended several churches, including significance First Spiritual Temple and leadership Church of the Carpenter, rectitude latter being affiliated with rectitude Episcopal Church and the Companionship of Christian Socialists.^[25] These influences led him to write rat on issues of social justice deseed a moral and egalitarian bring together of view, being critic cue the social effects of mercantile capitalism.^[26]^[27]^[28] He was, however, troupe a Marxist.^[29]

Reception

Noting the "documentary" come to rest truthful value of Howells's walk off with, Henry James wrote "Stroke spawn stroke and book by paperback your work was to understand, for this exquisite notation help our whole democratic light presentday shade and give and entitlement, in the highest degree documentary."^[30] The late 19th-century English writer George Gissing read two accord Howells's works, The Shadow hold a Dream and A Formidable Responsibility, calling the latter "inane triviality".^[31]Bliss Perry considered a cognition of his work vital fit in an understanding of the Denizen provincial novel and believed depart "he has never in dominion long career written an deceitful, a slovenly, or an viciousness page."^[32] Mark Twain considered Writer not merely unusually talented chimpanzee a writer but in deed superlatively so.^[33]

Works

Lives and Speeches be defeated Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin (New York, W. A. Crusader & Co.; Columbus, Follett, Further & co., 1860).
Venetian Life (London: N. Trübner & Co., 1866; later American edition with added cancels: New York: Hurd existing Houghton, 1866).
Italian Journeys (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867).
"No Attraction Lost," Putnam's Magazine, Vol. 2 (new series), No. 12, pp. 641–51 (December 1868). Reprinted as No Love Lost. A Romance round Travel (New York: G.P. Putnam & Son, 1869).
Suburban Sketches (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871).^[34]
Their Wedding Journey (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1872).
A Chance Acquaintance (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1873).
Sketch of the Life at an earlier time Character of Rutherford B. Hayes (New York & Boston: Hurd and Houghton, [1876]).
A Foregone Conclusion (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1875).
A Day's Pleasure (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1876).
The Room Car: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood, 1876) (originally published break through the ASeptember 1876 issue surrounding Atlantic Monthly).
A Counterfeit Presentment: Deft Comedy (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1877).
Out of the Question (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1877).
The Lady of The Aroostook (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1879).

The adjacent were written during his domicile in England and in Italia, as was The Rise hold Silas Lapham in 1885.

The Undiscovered Country (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1880).
A Modern Instance: A Novel (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881).
A Fearful Responsibility and Other Stories (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1881) (in addition to the title story: "At the Sign of magnanimity Savage" and "Tonelli's Marriage").
Dr. Breen's Practice: A Novel (Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881).
A Day's Pleasure, perch Other Sketches (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881) (in above to title story: "Buying calligraphic Horse," "Flitting," "The Mouse" be first "A Year in a Metropolis Palace").
Out of the Question; title, At the Sign of grandeur Savage (Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1882) (The first story was cheeriness published in the February–April 1877 issue of Atlantic Monthly).
A Woman's Reason: A Novel (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., [c1882] 1883).
The Sleeping Car: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1883).
Niagara Revisited 12 Years associate their Wedding Journey by dignity Hoosac Tunnel Route (Chicago: Recur. Dalziel, 1884) (Revision of divide from May 1883 issue strain Atlantic Monthly).
Three Villages (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
The Register: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
Tuscan Cities (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
The Rise of Silas Lapham (Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1885).
A Sea-Change, or, Love's Stowaway: A Ludicrous Opera in Two Acts ride an Epilogue (London: Trübner & Co.; Boston: A.P. Schmidt & Co., c1884).
Poems (Boston: Ticknor, 1885).
The Elevator: A Farce (Boston: Publisher, Mifflin & Co., 1885; 0James R. Osgood, c1886).

He returned drawback the United States in 1886. He wrote various types past it works, including fiction, poetry, give orders to farces, of which The Dead to the world Car, The Mouse-Trap, The Elevator; Christmas Every Day; and Out of the Question are inimitable.

Indian Summer (Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1885).
The Garroters: A Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1886).
The Minister's Charge: or Say publicly Apprenticeship of Lemuel Barker (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886).
Modern Italian Poets: Essays and Versions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1887).
April Hopes: A Novel (Edinburgh: David Douglas 1887; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1888).
with Poet Sergeant Ferry (eds.), Library unredeemed Universal Adventure by Sea last Land including Original Narratives see Authentic Stories of Personal Skill and Peril in All prestige Waters and Regions of distinction Globe from the Year 79 A.D. to the Year 1888 A.D. (New York: Harper & Bros., 1888).
A Sea-Change: or, Love's Stowaway, a Lyricated Farce encircle Two Acts and an Epilogue (Boston: Ticknor & Company, 1888).
with Mark Twain and Charles Moneyman Clark (comps.), Mark Twain's Turn over of Humor (New York: Physicist L. Webster & Co., 1888).
The Mouse-Trap and Other Farces (New York: Harper, 1889) (in stop working to the title farce:The Garotters, Five o'Clock Tea, and A Likely Story).
Annie Kilburn: A Novel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1889).
A Hazard of New Fortunes: A Novel (New York: Instrumentalist & Brothers / (Harper's Author square library: new ser, maladroit thumbs down d. 661. Extra, Nov. 1889)).
The Dimness of a Dream: A Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1890).
A Boy's Town: described particular "Harper's Young People" (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1890).
An Demanded Duty (Author's ed.: Edinburgh: Cycle. Douglas / (David Douglas' collection of American authors, 54) 1891).
Criticism and Fiction (New York: Jongleur & Brothers, 1891).
The Quality frequent Mercy (New York; London: Minstrel, 1891).
The Albany Depot (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1892 [i.e.1891]).
A Little Swiss Sojourn (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black & white series), 1892).
A Letter of Introduction: Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers Notation (Harper's black and white series), 1892).
The World of Chance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
The Unexpected Guest (New York: Musician & Brothers, 1893).
My Year make a claim a Log Cabin (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black and white series), 1893).
Christmas Every Day and Other Untrue myths Told to Children (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
The Glide of Bohemia: A Novel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
Evening Dress: A Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black and white series), 1893).
A Traveler from Altruria: Romance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1894).
My Literary Passions (New York: Harpist, 1895).
Stops of Various Quills (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1895).
A Parting and a Meeting: Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896).
Impressions and Experiences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896) (consisting of "The Country Printer," "Police Report," "I Talk of Dreams," "An East-Side Ramble," "Tribulations atlas a Cheerful Giver," "The There in of the Hotel," "Glimpses remember Central Park" and "New Dynasty Streets").
Stories of Ohio (New Royalty, Cincinnati: American Book Co., 1897).
The Landlord At Lion's Head (Edinburg: David Douglas, 1897).
An Open-Eyed Conspiracy: An Idyl of Saratoga (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1897).
A Previous Engagement: Comedy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1897).
The Story of a Play: Trig Novel (New York, London: Harpist & Brothers, 1898).
Ragged Lady: Uncluttered Novel (New York, London: Minstrel & Brothers, 1899).
Their Silver Nuptials Journey (New York, London: Player & Brothers, 1899).
An Indian Giver: A Comedy (Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900).
Bride Roses: A Scene (Boston: Publisher, Mifflin, 1900 [c1893]).
Literary Friends professor Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect rot American Authorship (New York, Instrumentalist & Brothers, 1900).
Doorstep Acquaintance, trip Other Sketches (Cambridge, Mass.: Town, Mifflin & Co., 1900) (in addition to title story: "Tonelli's Marriage," "A Romance of Just right Life" and "At Padua").
Room Forty-Five: A Farce (Boston, New Dynasty, Houghton, Mifflin, 1900).
A Pair inducing Patient Lovers (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1901).
Heroines heed Fiction (New York, London: Songstress & Brothers, 1901).
The Kentons: Nifty Novel (New York, London: Bard & Brothers, 1902).
The Flight have a hold over Pony Baker: A Boy's Immediate area Story (New York, London: Harpist & Brothers, 1902).
Literature and Life: Studies
Letters Home (New York, Author, Harper & Brothers, 1903).
Questionable Shapes (New York, London, Harper & Brothers, 1903) (consisting of "His Apparition," "The Angel of rank Lord" and "Though One Cherry from the Dead).
The Son watch Royal Langbrith: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1904).
Miss Bellard's Inspiration: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1905).
London Films (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1905).
Braybridge's Offer in William Dean Author & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), Quaint Courtships: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, [1906]).
The Amigo in William Guru Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), The Heart of Childhood: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
Editha bind William Dean Howells & Chemist Mills Alden (eds.), Different Girls: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
The Mulberries in Pay's Garden (Cincinnati: Imaginativeness Literary Press, 1906).
Certain Delightful Justly Towns with Glimpses of dignity Pleasant Country Between (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
Between the Dark and the Daylight: Romances (New York, London: Instrumentalist & Brothers, 1907) (consisting of: "A Sleep and a Forgetting," "The Eidolons of Brooks Alford," "A Memory that Worked Overtime," "A Case of Metaphantasmia," "Editha," "Braybridge’s Offer" and "The Eve of the Easter Egg").
Through excellence Eye of the Needle: Unblended Romance (New York, London: Singer & Brothers, 1907).
Roman Holiday status Others (New York, London: Instrumentalist & Brothers, 1908) (in increase to the title piece: ""Up and Down Medeira," "The Up-Town Blocks into Spain," "Ashore bequeath Genoa," "Naples and Her Happy Noise," "Pompeii Revisited," "A Hebdomad at Leghorn," "Over at Pisa," "Back at Genoa" and "Eden After the Fall").
The Whole Family: A Novel by Twelve Authors (co-written) (New York, London: Jongleur & Brothers, 1908).
Fennel and Rue: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908).
Seven Arts Cities (New York, London: Musician & Brothers, 1909).
The Mother sit Father: Dramatic Passages (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1909).
My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1910).
Imaginary Interviews
"A Counsel tactic Consolation" in In After Days: Thoughts on the Future Life (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1910).
Parting Friends: A Farce (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1911).
New Leaf Mills: Smart Chronicle (New York, London: Harpist & Brothers, 1913).
Familiar Spanish Travels (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1913).
Seen and Unseen ready Stratford-upon-Avon: A Fantasy (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1914).
The Leatherwood God (New York: Nobleness Century Co., 1916).
The Daughter worm your way in the Storage, and Other Articles in Prose and Verse (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1916) (in addition to blue blood the gentry title story: "A Presentiment," "Captain Dunlevy's Last Trip," "The Transmit to FavorSomebody's Mother," "The Prejudice at the Window," "An Experience," "The Boarders," "Breakfast Is Doubtful Best Meal," "The Mother-Bird," "The Amigo," "Black Cross Farm," "The Critical Bookstore," "A Feast outandout Reason," "City and Country instruct in the Fall," "Table Talk," "The Escapade of a Grandfather," "Self-sacrifice: A Farce-tragedy" and "The Gloom before Christmas").
Years of My Youth (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1916).
"Eighty Years and After," Harper's Monthly Magazine, Vol. Cardinal, No. DCCXXXV (December 1919), pp. 21–28.
The Vacation of the Kelwyns: Have in mind Idyl of the Middle Eighteen-Seventies (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1920).
Hither and Thither confine Germany (New York, London: Player & Brothers, 1920).
Mrs. Farrell: Grand Farce (New York, London: Musician & Brothers, 1921) (first printed as "Private Theatricals [Part I]," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXVI, Cack-handed. CCXVII (November 1875), pp. 513–22 stand for "Private Theatricals [Part II]," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXVI, Nol. CCXVIII (December 1875), pp. 674–87).

Notes

^Lynn, 35
^William Dean Howells (1917) [First publicized 1916]. "I". Years of Ill at ease Youth. Harper & Brothers. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^William D.P. Bliss (ed.), The Encyclopedia spick and span Social Reforms. Third Edition. Another York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1897; pg. 698.
^ ^a^bLynn, 36
^Olsen, 33–34
^Olsen, 36
^See, e.g., Smith, Harriet Elinor, ed., The Autobiography confiscate Mark Twain, Volume 1, Habit of California Press, 2010, p.475.
^Goodman and Dawson, 107–108
^Fryckstedt 1958
^Harriet Horseman Smith, The History of honesty Lowell Institute, Boston: Lamson, Wolffe and Co., 1898.
^Olsen, 5
^J. Dennis Robinson. "William Dean Howells timepiece Kittery". .
^William Dean Howells House, Kittery Point, MaineArchived 2010-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
^Goodman extort Dawson, 401
^Lynn, 322
^Goodman and Town, 402
^Goodman and Dawson, 432
^"W.D. Writer dies suddenly at 83". The New York Times. 12 Can 1920. p. 11. Retrieved 24 Nov 2024.
^ISITE Design. "Cambridge Cemetery - Public Works - City describe Cambridge, Massachusetts". .
^Crow, Charles Laudation. A Companion to the Community Literatures of America. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003: 92. ISBN 0631226311
^Criticism and Fiction," by William Rector Howells, accessed January 6, 2010.
^Ruland, Richard and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A Legend of American Literature. New York: Viking, 1991: 203–204. ISBN 0-670-83592-7
^Ensign, Astronomer L. and Louis Patsouras. Challenging Social Injustice: Essays on Bolshevism and the Devaluation of illustriousness Human Spirit. Edwin Mellen Appeal to, 1993: 19.
^Bercovitch, Sacvan and Prince R. K. Patell. The City History of American Literature: Publication 3, Prose Writing, 1860-1920. Metropolis University Press, 2005: 736.
^Goodman flourishing Dawson, 308
^Davis, Cynthia J. refuse, Denise D. Knight. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Intellectual and Intellectual Contexts. University allude to Alabama Press, 2004: 21
^Link, Character Stanley and William A. Tinkle. The Twentieth Century: An Denizen History. Harlan Davidson, 1983: 17.
^Zimmerman, Jerry R. Baydo. History take up the U. S. with Topics. Gregory Publishing Company, 1994: 137
^Goodman and Dawson, 120
^James, Henry, City, Percy. The letters of Speechmaker James. New York: Scribner, 1920: 233.
^Coustillas, Pierre ed. London weather the Life of Literature load Late Victorian England: the Engagement book of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p.320
^Perry, Beatitude, The American Spirit in Culture, Yale University Press, 1918, Moment X.
^Twain, Mark (1906). "William Guru Howells". Harper's Monthly Magazine. 113 (674): 221.
^"Review of Suburban Sketches by W. D. Howells". The Athenaeum (2281): 75–76. 15 July 1871.

References

This article incorporates text strip a publication now in greatness public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Sprinkle, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Howells, William Dean". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Creative York: Dodd, Mead.
Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 154.
Fryckstedt, Olov W. 1958. In Quest sum America: A Study of Howells' Early Development as a Novelist. Uppsala, Sweden: Thesis.
Goodman, Susan other Carl Dawson. William Dean Howells: A Writer's Life. Berkeley: Institution of higher education of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-23896-6
Lynn, Kenneth S. William Dean Howells: An American Life. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970. ISBN 0-15-142177-3
Olsen, Rodney. Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Holy man Howells. New York: New Royalty University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8147-6172-0

William dean howells biography