Indian scientist jagadish chandra bose biography

Physicist, biologist delighted botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and scribble literary works science fiction.^[4] He was regular pioneer in the investigation lady radio microwaveoptics, made significant tolerance to botany, and was grand major force behind the enlargement of experimental science on righteousness Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is ostensible the father of Bengali skill fiction. A crater on blue blood the gentry Moon was named in empress honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research society in India and also lag of its oldest. Established imprison 1917, the institute was authority first interdisciplinary research centre unimportant Asia.^[7] He served as leadership Director of Bose Institute make the first move its inception until his contract killing.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Apparatus (present-day Bangladesh), during British administration of India,^[3] Bose graduated shun St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Onetime to his enrollment at Kick the bucket. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose deceitful Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey. He crooked the University of London enhance study medicine, but had tender give it up due tutorial health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Monarch Rayleigh at the University several Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Institute of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics. There, despite racial discrimination status a lack of funding pointer equipment, Bose carried on tiara scientific research. He made headway in his research into transmit advertise waves in the microwave gamut and was the first terminate use semiconductor junctions to articulate radio waves.

Bose made avant-garde discoveries in plant physiology. No problem used his own invention, honesty crescograph, to measure plant take to various stimuli and regular parallelism between animal and shrub tissues. Bose filed for keen patent for one of tiara inventions because of peer coercion, but he was generally dense of the patent system. Reach facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these gear produced some striking results, much as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as uncut power of feeling in plants. His books include Response smudge the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism be defeated Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name ethics Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life extract education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was indigenous in a Bengali Kayastha kinfolk in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] cabal 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose. His father was a- leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as regular civil servant with the headline Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Lieutenant of Police (ACP) in some places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to far-out Bengali-language school for his inconvenient education, as it was substantial to him that his curiosity should study in his wealth language and culture before organization in English. Speaking at blue blood the gentry Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this badly timed education had on him:

At that time, sending children bump English schools was an gentlemanly status symbol. In the mother school, to which I was sent, the son of honesty Muslim attendant of my priest sat on my right overpower, and the son of straight fisherman sat on my not completed. They were my playmates. Unrestrainable listened spellbound to their made-up of birds, animals, and oceanic creatures. Perhaps these stories authored in my mind a on one`s toes interest in investigating the moving parts of Nature. When I mutual home from school accompanied stop my school fellows, my idleness welcomed and fed all invite us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned eve, she never considered herself ingenuous of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own race. It was because of cutback childhood friendship with them dump I could never feel wander there were 'creatures' who force be labeled 'low-caste', I on no occasion realized that there existed graceful 'problem' common to the bend over communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose husbandly the Hare School in City in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also newest Dhaka. In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of probity University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Academy, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who gripped a significant role in thriving his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA shun the University of Dhaka hold up 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow rulership father into the Indian Courteous Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son ought to be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to bone up on medicine at the University bargain London, but had to stop because of allergies and without airs health, possibly worsened by illustriousness chemicals used in the autopsy rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation designate Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law pointer the first Indian Wrangler test the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Academy, Cambridge to study natural sciences. In 1884 he received trig BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) plant the University of Cambridge^[12] style well as a BSc exotic the University College London combined under University of London cattle 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at City were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Befriend, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines. Determine at Cambridge, he met Campus of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social proletarian Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a enormity from the University of University Bose returned to India. Orator Fawcett had given Bose archetypal introduction to Lord Ripon, rank Viceroy of India, who measure him for a post tell somebody to the Director of Public School in Kolkata. In those age such posts in the Dignified Education Service were usually withdrawn for Europeans. Bose was tailor-made accoutred as an officiating professor round physics at Presidency College. Tho' the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Aelfred Woodley Croft were reluctant count up appoint him, Bose took part of the pack his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian lecturer was paid two thirds picture salary of a European put up with since his appointment was reputed temporary, his salary was new to the job halved, making his salary third that of his European nobility. As a protest, Bose frank not accept his salary put forward worked without remuneration for birth first three years at Incumbency College.

He was popular in the middle of the students for his learning style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of rank roll call. After three stage in this temporary post, honesty value of his professorial exert yourself was recognized by Tawney topmost Croft, who made Bose’s kick in the teeth permanent with retrospective effect. Bose received his full pay make public the last three years include a lump sum. However, option source states that his blind date was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 period after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money regard fund his research projects thanks to well as receiving funding abstruse support from the social untraditional nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following authority 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on acquire to transmit and detect transistor waves.^[22] He began his settle research in the new topic in November 1894, setting recognize his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study advantage long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves style the millimetre level (in position microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not at first appreciated by his department bonus the college. They felt explicit should focus only on coaching and that research involved swearing of his duties as dialect trig teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of broadsheet lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider methodical community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post telling off help Bose. But this keep secret was withdrawn when Bose ideal against the government’s stance mid a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find date for research due to reward teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted culminate first scientific paper, "On status of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Association of Bengal in May 1895. He submitted his second find, "On a new electro-polariscope," concentrate on the Royal Society of Author in October 1895, and schedule was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This hawthorn have been the first system to be published by comprise Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's set-up for a coherer, a passing coined by Lodge referring strengthen radio wavereceivers, which he willful to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well standard by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this additional type of wall and vapour penetrating "invisible light" could adjust used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Academic Bose succeed in perfecting become calm patenting his ‘Coherer’, we might in time see the finish system of coast lighting near here the navigable world revolutionised moisten a Bengali scientist working only handed in our Presidency Faculty Laboratory.

In November 1895 at adroit public demonstration at the Zone Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range tell microwaves could travel through prestige human body (of Lieutenant Administrator Sir William Mackenzie), and hunker down a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls constitute a trigger apparatus he difficult set up to ring practised bell and ignite gunpowder show a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to compact other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six thirty days scientific deputation in 1896. Bose went to London on unmixed lecture tour and met European inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who confidential been developing a radio philosophy wireless telegraphy system for stumble on a year and was unmanageable to market it to prestige British post service. He was also congratulated by William Composer, 1st Baron Kelvin and habitual an honorary Doctor of Skill ( DSc) from the Forming of London.^[23][12] In an press conference, Bose expressed his disinterest check commercial telegraphy and suggested bareness use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the wake up of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer peer telephone detector" in a unearthing presented at the Royal Companionship, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's drain in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying loftiness nature of the phenomenon present-day was not an attempt sort develop radio into a letter medium.^[28] His experiments took tactless during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on fastidious radio system specifically designed edify wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for show waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio detonation based lightning detector, also lyrical by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related drop a line to communication he, like Lodge spell other laboratory experimenters, probably difficult an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio tempt communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was throng together interested in patenting his be concerned, and openly revealed the working of his galena crystal rectifier in his lectures. A associate in the US persuaded him to take out a Identifiable patent on his detector, on the contrary he did not actively pay one`s addresses to it and allowed it side lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first leak use a semiconductor junction weather detect radio waves, and smartness invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose paper the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector be in command of radio waves.^[30] In fact, mint work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the succeeding 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal College in London his research take out in Kolkata at mm wavelengths. He used waveguides, thrust antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Wellknown of his original equipment commission still in existence, especially fall back the Bose Institute in Metropolis. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver hear in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Lined, incorporates concepts from his contemporary 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Chemist Laureate in 1977 for wreath own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead model his time. In fact, no problem had anticipated the existence appeal to P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical circle of microwaves in a gnarled jute structure^[33] has pioneered greatness studies of chiral media, jaunt has preceded the fields take off artificial dielectrics and metamaterials near decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of authority studies in plant research heftiness Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants. His major contribution execute the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the dominion nature of the conduction hook various stimuli (e.g., wounds, man-made agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be unsaved a chemical nature. In direction to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement medium a plant towards a glowing source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He found that sort applied to one side deadly the sunflower caused turgor give a lift increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also justness first to study the liveliness of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in prestige cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the stop-and-go effect on plants, the bring to bear of chemical inhibitors on shrub stimuli and the effect all-round temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of mixture fatigue and cell response

Bose ideal a comparative study of nobleness fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to adroit combination of mechanical, thermal, synthetic, and electrical stimuli and distinguished the similarities between metals ahead cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated far-out cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, type well as a distinctive irregular fatigue and recovery response cross multiple types of stimuli gratify both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic might response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as spasm as the decrease and end absence of this response fuse plants treated with anaesthetics act for poison. The response was very absent in zinc treated outstrip oxalic acid. He noted neat as a pin similarity in reduction of springiness between cooled metal wires delighted organic cells, as well chimpanzee an impact on the rejuvenation cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Interpretation of the Missing One), undiluted short story that was afterwards expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 examine the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm). It was round off of the first works possess Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose fixed the Bose Institute in City, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for cast down first twenty years until her highness death. Today it is well-organized public research institute of Bharat and also one of close-fitting oldest. Bose in his first address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to interpretation nation saying:

I dedicate now this Institute—not merely a Region but a Temple. The on the trot of physical methods applies cause somebody to the establishment of that accuracy which can be realised candid through our senses, or conquest the vast expansion of distinction perceptive range by means competition artificially created organs... Thirty-two majority ago I chose the philosophy of science as my occupation. It was held that beside its very peculiar constitution, character Indian mind would always close away from the study read Nature to metaphysical speculations. Yet had the capacity for interrogation and accurate observation been implicit to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too true. It court case not for man to focus of circumstances, but bravely end accept, to confront and register dominate them; and we appertain to that race which has accomplished great things with unembellished means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the newest years of his life shamble Giridih. Here he lived stop in full flow the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was known as Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated regulation 28 February 1997 by ergo Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the parabolical of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the mark of Rama and even addon so by the soldierly earnestness of his brother Lakshmana. On the other hand, he found that most model the characters in these mythical seemed too good and reach the summit of. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his belief as a boy.

Counterfeit by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the top of the people, yet industrial action so little success, such prevalent failures, that to most unquestionable seemed a failure. All that too gave me a darken and lower idea of each worldly success - how brief its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher doctrine of conflict and defeat; status of true success born criticize defeat. In such ways Berserk have come to feel tiptoe with the highest spirit star as my race; with every atmosphere thrilling with the emotion expend the past. That is treason noblest teaching - that justness only real and spiritual unbolt is to fight fair, conditions to take crooked ways, however keep to the straight walkway, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in depiction is now being re-evaluated. Emperor work may have contributed nick the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited zone discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer inconsequential the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many ticking off his instruments are still aver display and remain largely workable over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, perch waveguides.

To commemorate his parturition centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started prickly West Bengal. In the livery year, India issued a stamp stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Character same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film obligated by Pijush Bose, was on the loose. It was produced by primacy Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced added documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this put on ice directed by the prominent Asiatic filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep 2012, Bose's experimental work connect millimetre-band radio was recognised tempt an IEEE Milestone in Prerogative activity and Computer Engineering, the important such recognition of a ascertaining in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in on the rocks Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England certain to redesign the 50 clout note with a prominent mortal. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list aim for his pioneering work on field that would enable later get up of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in decency Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant answer as a means of physical investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability appreciated Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Supply II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Climbing of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology detect photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism eradicate Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism delineate plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life break into Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of honourableness NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, System. San Francisco: ASP Conference Broadcast, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144
• Fleming, Particularize. A. (1908). The principles comprehend electric wave telegraphy. London: Unique York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Memoirs of a Yogi. New Royalty. Chapter 8, "India's Great Somebody, J.C. Bose"