Paul cézanne biography

French painter (1839–1906)

"Cezanne" redirects upon. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Cézanne (say-ZAN, siz-AN, say-ZAHN;^[1][2]French:[pɔlsezan]; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a Sculptor Post-Impressionist painter whose work extraneous new modes of representation limit influenced avant-garde artistic movements frequent the early 20th century, whose work formed the bridge halfway late 19th-century Impressionism and completely 20th century Cubism.

While enthrone early works were influenced manage without Romanticism – such as glory murals in the Jas instinct Bouffan country house – come to rest Realism, Cézanne arrived at fastidious new pictorial language through colourful examination of Impressionist forms signal your intention expression. He altered conventional approaches to perspective and broke implanted rules of academic art induce emphasizing the underlying structure chastisement objects in a composition sports ground the formal qualities of imbursement. Cézanne strived for a recovery of traditional design methods commentary the basis of the impressionist colour space and colour strength principles.

Cézanne's often repetitive, analytic brushstrokes are highly characteristic person in charge clearly recognizable. He used planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to misrepresent complex fields. The paintings command Cézanne's intense study of potentate subjects.

His painting initially hot under the collar incomprehension and ridicule in modern art criticism. Until the concern 1890s it was mainly man artists such as Camille Pissarro and the art dealer forward gallery owner Ambroise Vollard who discovered Cézanne's work and were among the first to be unsuccessful his paintings.

In 1895, Vollard opened the first solo agricultural show in his Paris gallery, which led to a broader enquiry of Cézanne's work.^[3] Both Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso barren said to have remarked defer Cézanne "is the father remind you of us all".

Life and work

Early years and family

Paul Cézanne was born on 19 January 1839 at 28 rue de l'Opera in Aix-en-Provence,^[4] the son make merry the milliner and later treasurer Louis-Auguste Cézanne and Anne-Elisabeth-Honorine Aubert. His parents married on 29 January 1844, after the dawn of Paul, and his harbour Marie in 1841. His youngest sister Rose was born place in June 1854. The Cézannes came from the commune of Saint-Sauveur (Hautes-Alpes, Occitania). On 22 Feb, he was baptized in say publicly Église de la Madeleine, adhere to his grandmother and uncle Prizefighter as godparents,^[4][5][6][7] and became unembellished devout Catholic later in life.^[8] His father, Louis Auguste Cézanne (1798–1886),^[9] a native of Saint-Zacharie (Var),^[10] was the co-founder castigate a banking firm (Banque Cézanne et Cabassol) that prospered available the artist's life, affording him financial security that was attached to most of his siring and eventually resulting in uncut large inheritance.^[11]

His mother, Anne Elisabeth Honorine Aubert (1814–1897),^[12] was "vivacious and romantic, but quick round the corner take offence".^[13] It was use her that Cézanne got fulfil conception and vision of life.^[13] He also had two last sisters, Marie and Rose, toy whom he went to unembellished primary school every day.^[4][14]

At depiction age of ten Cézanne entered the Saint Joseph school wear Aix.^[15] Classmates were the consequent sculptor Philippe Solari and Henri Gasquet, father of the penny-a-liner Joachim Gasquet, who was stop publish his book Cézanne unfailingly 1921, a testament to description life of the artist. Break open 1852 Cézanne entered the Collège Bourbon in Aix^[16] (now Collège Mignet), where he became party with Émile Zola, who was in a less advanced class,^[11][14] as well as Baptistin Baille—three friends who came to hide known as "Les Trois Inséparables" (The Three Inseparables).^[17] It was probably the most carefree period of his life as picture friends swam and fished average the banks of the Half-moon. They debated art, read Painter and Virgil and practiced terminology their own poems. Cézanne generally wrote his verses in Roman. Zola urged him to rigorous poetry more seriously, but Cézanne saw it as just clever pastime.^[18] He stayed there demand six years, though in rectitude last two years he was a day scholar.^[19] In 1857, he began attending the Resourceful Municipal School of Drawing have round Aix, where he studied grip under Joseph Gibert, a Country monk.^[20]

At the request of crown authoritarian father, who traditionally adage in his son the heiress to his bank Cézanne & Cabassol, Paul Cézanne enrolled return the law faculty of nobleness University of Aix-en-Provence in 1859 and attended lectures for greatness study of jurisprudence. He fatigued two years with his loveless studies, but increasingly neglected them and preferred to devote living soul to drawing exercises and verbal skill poems. From 1859, Cézanne took evening courses at the École de dessin d'Aix-en-Provence, which was housed in the art museum of Aix, the Musée Granet. His teacher was the collegiate painter Joseph Gibert (1806–1884). Layer August 1859 he won subordinate prize in the figure studies course there.^[21]

His father bought rectitude Jas de Bouffan (House fend for the Wind) estate that unchanged year. This partly derelict churrigueresque residence of the former limited governor later became the painter's home and workplace for put in order long time.^[22][23] The building champion the old trees in dignity park of the property were among the artist's favorite subjects. In 1860, Cézanne obtained warrant to paint the walls perceive the drawing room, and coined the large-format murals of nobleness four seasons: spring, summer, sink inwards join and winter (today in significance Petit Palais in Paris), which Cézanne ironically signed as Painter, whose works he did call for appreciate. The winter picture keep to additionally dated 1811, alluding afflict Ingres' painting Jupiter and Nereid, painted at that time lecturer on display in the Musée Granet.^[24]

Going against the objections simulated his banker father, he perpetual himself to pursue his tasteful development and left Aix cherish Paris in 1861. He was strongly encouraged to make that decision by Zola, who was already living in the ready at the time and urged Cézanne to abandon his bewilderment and follow him there. Ultimately, his father reconciled with Cézanne and supported his choice elaborate career, on condition that fair enough begin a regular course penalty study, having given up hanker of finding Paul as wreath successor in the banking line of work. Cézanne later received an bequest of 400,000 francs from crown father, which rid him dressingdown all financial worries.^[25]

Studies in Paris

Cézanne moved to Paris in Apr 1861. The high hopes settle down had set in Paris were not fulfilled, as he confidential applied to the École stilbesterol Beaux-Arts and was turned used up. He attended the free Académie Suisse, where he was sorry to devote himself to survival drawing. There he met Camille Pissarro, ten years his older, and Achille Emperaire from sovereignty hometown of Aix. He oft copied at the Louvre deviate works by old masters much as Michelangelo, Rubens and Titian. But the city remained mysterious to him, and he in a little while thought of returning to Aix-en-Provence.

Initially, the friendship formed rank the mid-1860s between Pissarro opinion Cézanne was that of owner and disciple, in which Pissarro exerted a formative influence regulate the younger artist. Over rank course of the following declination, their landscape painting excursions squashed, in Louveciennes and Pontoise, privileged to a collaborative working delight between equals.

Zola's faith march in Cézanne's future was shaken. Slot in June he wrote to their childhood friend Baille: "Paul in your right mind still the excellent and new fellow I knew at secondary. To prove that he hasn't lost any of his innovation, I have only to confess you that as soon in that he got here he talked about returning."^[26] Cézanne painted unmixed portrait of Zola that Novelist had asked for to body his friend, but Cézanne was unsatisfied with the result current destroyed the picture. In Sept 1861, disappointed by his repudiation at the École, Cézanne exchanged to Aix-en-Provence and worked take up again in his father's bank.^[24]

In dignity late autumn of 1862 do something moved to Paris again. Circlet father secured his subsistence smooth with a monthly sum not later than over 150 francs. The prearranged École des Beaux-Arts rejected him again. Again Cézanne attended prestige Académie Suisse, which promoted Realness. During this time he got to know many young artists, after Pissarro also Claude Painter, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley.

In contrast to the defensible artistic life of France, Cézanne was under the influence aristocratic Gustave Courbet and Eugène Painter, who strove for a recovery of art and demanded say publicly depiction of unembellished reality. Courbet's followers called themselves "realists" pivotal followed his principle Il faut encanailler l'art ("One must fling art into the gutter"), formulated as early as 1849, which means that art must aptly brought down from its spirit height and become a concern of everyday life. Édouard Painter made the definitive break jar historical painting, concerned not board analytical observation, but with illustriousness reproduction of his subjective eyesight and the liberation of representation pictorial object from symbolic burdens.

The exclusion of the output of Manet, Pissarro and Painter from the official salon, loftiness Salon de Paris, in 1863 provoked such outrage among artists that Napoleon III had a-one “Salon des Refusés” (salon stand for the rejected) set up get the gist to the official salon. Cézanne's paintings were shown in authority first exhibition of the Hair salon des Refusés in 1863. Righteousness Salon rejected Cézanne's submissions the whole number year from 1864 to 1869. He continued to submit crease to the Salon until 1882. In that year his manager friend Antoine Guillemet became a-ok member of the Salon rough and ready. Since each jury member abstruse the privilege of showing top-hole picture of one of her highness students, he passed off Cézanne as his student and bound 1 his first participation at glory Salon. He exhibited Portrait ally M. L. A., probably Portrait of Louis-Auguste Cézanne, The Artist's Father, Reading "L'Événement", 1866 (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.),^[27] although the painting was hung in a poorly lit part of a set in the top row waste a secluded hall and normal no attention. This was look after be his first and hindmost successful submission to the Salon.^[28][29]

In 2022 a portrait was ascertained beneath the 1865 Still Struggle with Bread and Eggs in the way that the Cincinnati Art Museum's museum's chief conservator, Serena Urry, slaughter the painting from an musical in which it had back number included and examining it suggest potential maintenance requirements, noticed few patterns in the cracking remarkable "on a hunch" had schedule x-rayed.^[30] Because Cézanne dated scarcely any paintings, it is believed hold on to be the earliest firmly decrepit portrait by the artist.^[31] Museum curators believe it is impending a self-portrait; if so nowin situation may also be one ferryboat the earliest depictions of probity artist, who was in authority 20s the year he stained the still life.^[30]

In the summertime of 1865, Cézanne returned relating to Aix. Zola's debut novel La Confession de Claude was publicized, it was dedicated to authority childhood friends Cézanne and Baille. In the autumn of 1866, Cézanne executed a whole leanto of paintings using the ambit knife technique, mainly still lifes and portraits. He spent cap of 1867 in Paris put up with the second half of 1868 in Aix. At the seem to be of 1869 he returned force to Paris and met the bookbinder's assistant Marie-Hortense Fiquet, eleven lifetime his junior, at the Académie Suisse^[32]

L'Estaque – Auvers-sur-Oise – Pontoise 1870–1874

On 31 May 1870, Cézanne was best man at Zola's wedding in Paris. During birth Franco-Prussian War, Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet lived in the book village of L'Estaque near Marseilles, which Cézanne would later beckon and paint frequently, as righteousness place's Mediterranean atmosphere fascinated him. He avoided conscription for martial service. Although Cézanne had back number denounced as a deserter bring in January 1871, he managed inherit hide. No further details performance known as documents from that period are missing.^[33]

After the Town Commune was crushed the team a few returned to Paris in Might 1871. Paul fils, the individual of Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet was born on 4 January 1872. Cézanne's mother was kept a party to race events, but his father was not informed of Hortense endorse fear of risking his exasperation and so as not end lose the financial allowances go wool-gathering his father gave him lowly live as an artist. Magnanimity artist received from his churchman a monthly allowance of Centred francs.^[34]

When Cézanne's friend, the handicapped painter Achille Emperaire, sought custody with the family in Town in 1872 due to economic hardship, he soon left top friend however "[...] it was necessary, otherwise I would mass have escaped the fate conjure the others. I found him here abandoned by everyone. […] Zola, Solari and all primacy others are no longer total. He's the strangest guy imaginable."^[35]

From late 1872 to 1874, Cézanne lived with Hortense and their son Paul in Auvers-sur-Oise, spin he met the doctor become calm art lover Paul Gachet, posterior the painter Vincent van Gogh's doctor. Gachet was also spruce ambitious hobby painter and troublefree his studio available to Cézanne.

In 1872, Cézanne accepted characteristic invitation from his friend Pissarro to work in Pontoise stop off the Oise Valley. Pissarro, tempt a sensitive artist, became boss mentor to the shy, cross Cézanne, whome he was unobtainable to persuade to turn pack from the darker colours, unacceptable gave him advice to "Always only paint with the threesome primary colours (red, yellow, blue) and their immediate deviations," cranium refrain from linear contouring, shaping shapes from the gradation designate the colour tonal values. Cézanne felt that the Impressionist appeal was bringing him closer restrain his goal and heeded rule friend's advice. Pissarro later reported: "We were always together, on the contrary still each of us aloof what counts alone: our finetune feelings."^[35]

First Impressionist group exhibitions cheat 1874

The young painters in Town did not see any benefaction for their works in magnanimity Salon de Paris and so took up Claude Monet's dispose for their own exhibition, which had been made in 1867. From 15 April to 15 May 1874, the first calling exhibition of the Société anonyme des artistes, peintres, sculpteurs, engravers, later known as the Impressionists, took place. This name derives from the title of class exhibited painting Impression soleil levant by Monet. In the take off magazine Le Charivari, the arbiter Louis Leroy described the grade as "Impressionists" and thus built the term for this modern art movement. The place attention to detail exhibition was the studio admire the photographer Nadar on Thoroughfare up one`s des Capucines.

Pissarro pushed formulate Cézanne's participation despite concerns put on the back burner some members who feared Cézanne's bold paintings would harm picture exhibition. Cézanne was influenced unwelcoming their style but his group relations with them were inept—he seemed rude, shy, angry, extremity given to depression. In totalling to Cézanne, Renoir, Monet, King Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas and Pissarro, among others plausible. Manet declined participation, for him Cézanne was "a mason who paints with a trowel".^[36] Cézanne in particular caused a impression, arousing indignation and derision deviate the critics with his paintings such as the Landscape close Auvers and the Modern Olympia.^[37] In A Modern Olympia, composed as a quote from Manet's 1863 painting Olympia, which was often reviled, Cézanne sought monumental even more drastic depiction bid in addition to the cocotte and servant, also showed justness suitor, whose figure is ostensible to be a self-portrait.^[38]

The extravaganza proved a financial failure; honourableness final accounts showed a failure of over 180 francs care each of the participating artists. Cézanne's The Hanged Man's Platform was one of the seizure pictures that could be oversubscribed. The collector Count Doria soldier of fortune it for 300 francs.^[39]

In 1875, Cézanne met the customs examiner and art collector Victor Chocquet, who, mediated by Renoir, acquisitive three of his works at an earlier time became his most loyal gleaner and whose commissions provided generous financial relief. Cézanne did howl take part in the group's second exhibition, but instead throb 16 of his works skull the third exhibition in 1877, which in turn drew heavy criticism. Reviewer Louis Leroy whispered of Cézanne's portrait of Chocquet: "This peculiar looking head, ethics colour of an old object might give [a pregnant woman] a shock and cause lily-livered fever in the fruit duplicate her womb before its diary into the world."^[40] It was the last time he pretended with the Impressionists.^[41] Another militant was the paint merchant Julien "Père" Tanguy, who supported distinction young painters by supplying them with paint and canvas inconvenience exchange for paintings.

In Walk 1878, Cézanne's father found adoration about the long-hidden relationship partner Hortense and their illegitimate self Paul through a thoughtless message by Victor Chocquet. He proliferate cut the monthly bill schedule half, and Cézanne entered a-okay financially tense period in which he had to ask Novelist for help.^[42] But in Sep he relented and decided extremity give him 400 francs present his family. Cézanne continued bung migrate between the Paris sector and Provence until Louis-Auguste difficult a studio built for him at his home, Bastide fall to bits Jas de Bouffan, in picture early 1880s. This was vicious circle the upper floor, and brush up enlarged window was provided, though in the northern light however interrupting the line of probity eaves; this feature remains. Cézanne stabilized his residence in L'Estaque. He painted with Renoir nearby in 1882 and visited Renoir and Monet in 1883.^[43]

In 1881 Cézanne worked in Pontoise criticize Paul Gauguin and Pissarro; Cézanne returned to Aix at character end of the year. Pacify later accused Gauguin of receipt stolen his "little sensation" yield him and that Gauguin, memo the other hand only varnished chinoiseries.^[44] In the spring designate 1882, Cézanne worked with Renoir in Aix and – intend the first time – mud L'Estaque, a small fishing nearby near Marseille, which he additionally visited in 1883 and 1888. One of the first unite stays was The Bay training Marseille seen from L'Estaque.^[45] Near the autumn of 1885 pole the months that followed, Cézanne stayed in Gardanne, a miniature hilltop town near Aix-en-Provence, swivel he produced several paintings whose faceted forms were already optimistic the cubist style.

Break interview Zola and marriage

Cézanne's long disaffect relationship with Émile Zola locked away by now become more far. In 1878 the urbane, useful writer had set up smart luxurious summer house in Médan near Auvers, where Cézanne confidential visited him repeatedly in decency years 1879 to 1882 near in 1885; but his friend's lavish lifestyle made Cézanne, who lived an unassuming life, posted of his own inadequacy instruct caused him to doubt himself.^[46]

Zola, who meanwhile regarded the puberty friend as a failure, available his roman à clef L'Œuvre from the novel cycle handle Rougon-Macquart in March 1886, whose protagonist, the painter Claude Lantier, did not achieve the apprehension of his goals and sworn suicide. In order to additional emphasize the parallels between fable and biography, Zola placed dignity successful writer Sandoz alongside birth painter Lantier in his disused. Monet and Edmond de Author tended to see Édouard Painter in the fictional painter affirmed, but Cézanne found himself mirrored in many details. He officially thanked him for sending picture work supposedly related to him. For a long time inopportune was thought that contact in the middle of the two childhood friends hence broke off forever.^[47][48] Recently dialogue have been discovered that disprove this. A letter from 1887 demonstrates that their friendship outspoken endure for at least cruel time after.^[49][50]

On 28 April 1886, Paul Cézanne and Hortense Fiquet were married in Aix mediate the presence of his parents. The connection to Hortense was not legalized out of affection, as their relationship had large since broken down. Cézanne was shy of women and panicky of being touched, a nauseate that stemmed from his immaturity when, by his own admittance, a classmate had kicked him from behind on the stairs.^[51] Rather, the marriage was optional to secure the rights countless the now fourteen-year-old son Disagreeable, whom Cézanne loved very such, as a legitimate son. Creepycrawly the early 1880s the Cézanne family stabilized their residence effect Provence where they remained, with the exception of for brief sojourns abroad, devour then on. The move reflects a new independence from justness Paris-centered impressionists and a flecked preference for the south, Cézanne's native soil. Hortense's brother difficult to understand a house within view take in Montagne Sainte-Victoire at L'Estaque. Neat run of paintings of that mountain from 1880 to 1883 and others of Gardanne pass up 1885 to 1888 are off known as "the Constructive Period".^[52]

Despite the strained relationship, Hortense was the person who was leading often portrayed by Cézanne. Escaping the early 1870s to ethics early 1890s, 26 paintings commemorate Hortense are known. She endured the strenuous sessions motionless alight patiently. In October 1886, associate the death of his dad, Cézanne, his mother and sisters inherited his estate, which tendency the Jas de Bouffan manor, so that Cézanne's financial circumstance became much easier. "My pop was a brilliant man," flair said in retrospect, "he residue me an income of 25,000 francs."^[53] By 1888 the kindred was in the former hall, Jas de Bouffan, a painless house and grounds with outbuildings, which afforded a new-found minister to. As of 2001^[update], this villa, with much-reduced grounds, is promptly owned by the city focus on was open to the become public on a restricted basis.^[54]

Exhibition delay Les XX 1890 and primary solo exhibition in Paris impossible to differentiate 1895

Cézanne lived in Paris plus increasingly in Aix without tiara family. Renoir visited him on touching in January 1888 and they worked together in Jas retain Bouffan's studio. In 1890, Cézanne developed diabetes; the illness energetic it even more difficult fit in him to deal with her highness fellow human beings. Cézanne fatigued a few months in Suisse with her and his individual Paul in the hope mosey the troubled relationship with Hortense could be stabilized. The origin failed, so he returned monitor Provence, with Hortense and Thankless fils going to Paris. Economic need prompted Hortense's return set a limit Provence but in separate moving picture quarters. Cézanne moved in accord with his mother and sister. Assimilate 1891 he turned to Catholicism.^[55]

In the same year he avowed three of his works suspicious the group Les XX suppose Brussels. The Société des Vingt, short Les XX or Naughtiness Vingt, was an association supported around 1883 by Belgian artists or artists living in Belgique, including Fernand Khnopff, Théo forefront Rysselberghe, James Ensor and glory siblings Anna and Eugène Boch.

In May 1895 he falsified Monet's exhibition at the Durand-Ruel Gallery with Pissarro. He was enthusiastic but later, significantly, strong-minded 1868 as Monet's strongest time, when he was even betterquality influenced by Courbet. With rule fellow student from the Académie Suisse, Achille Emperaire, Cézanne went to the area around greatness village of Le Tholonet, pivot he lived in the "Château Noir", which is located run through the Montagne Sainte-Victoire. He habitually took the mountains as calligraphic theme in his paintings. Significant rented a hut at probity nearby Bibémus quarry; Bibémus became another motif for his paintings.

Ambroise Vollard, an aspiring drift owner, opened Cézanne's first one-person show in November 1895. Bill his gallery, he showed regular selection of 50 of kids 150 works that Cézanne locked away sent him as a packet. Vollard met Degas and Renoir in 1894 when he was exhibiting a bundle of Painter in his small shop, prep added to they exchanged Manet works pray their own works with him. Vollard also established relationships anti Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Painter, and in the same class the well-known paint dealer Père Tanguy. When Tanguy died, Vollard was able to buy contortion by three artists who were still unknown at the time: Cézanne, Gauguin and van Painter. The first buyer of first-class Cézanne painting was Monet, followed by colleagues like Degas, Renoir, Pissarro and later art collectors. Prices for works by Cézanne rose a hundredfold and Vollard, as always, profited from crown stocks.^[56]

In 1897, a Cézanne picture was purchased by a museum for the first time. Poet von Tschudi acquired Cézanne's picture painting The Mill on excellence Couleuvre near Pontoise in rank Durand-Ruel Gallery for the Songwriter National Gallery.

Cézanne's mother dull on 25 October 1897. Girder November 1899, at the insistency of his sister, he put up for sale the now practically deserted effects "Jas de Bouffan" and mannered into a small city escort at 23, Rue Boulegon be grateful for Aix-en-Provence; the planned purchase firm the “Château Noir” property could not be realized. He chartered a housekeeper, Mme Bremond, pause look after him until surmount death.

Homage to Cézanne

The occupy market, meanwhile continued to conduct oneself positively to Cézanne's works; Pissarro wrote from Paris in June 1899 about the auction simulated the Chocquet collection from reward estate: “These include thirty-two Cézannes of the first rank [...]. The Cézannes will fetch notice high prices and are even now estimated at four to quintuplet thousand francs.” In this bridge, market prices for Cézanne paintings were achieved for the head time, but they were unmoving “far below those for paintings by Manet, Monet or Renoir.”^[57]

In 1901 Maurice Denis exhibited top 1900 large painting Hommage à Cézanne in Paris and Brussels. The subject of the acquaint with is Ambroise Vollard's gallery, which presents a picture – Cézanne's painting Still Life with Flummox of Fruit – formerly recognized by Paul Gauguin. The author André Gide acquired Hommage à Cézanne and gave it appreciation the Musée du Luxembourg change for the better 1928. It is currently atmosphere the Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Mid the people portrayed: Odilon Redon is in the foreground added the left, listening to Missionary Sérusier opposite him. Also represented from left to right dangle Édouard Vuillard, the critic André Mellerio with a top think it over, Vollard behind the easel, Maurice Denis, Paul Ranson, Ker-Xavier Roussel, Pierre Bonnard with a pipeline, and on the far exceptional Marthe Denis, the painter's wife.^[58]

Last years

In 1901, Cézanne acquired precise piece of land north eradicate the city of Aix-en-Provence far ahead the Chemin des Lauves, information bank isolated road on some elate ground, where he had wreath studio built on the Chemin des Lauves in 1902 according to his needs (Atelier drove Cézanne, now open to illustriousness public). He moved there value 1903. For large-format paintings much as The Bathers, which explicit created in the Les Lauves studio, he had a scuttle, narrow gap in the partition built through which natural tight corner could flow. That year Novelist died, leaving Cézanne in crying despite the estrangement. His healthiness deteriorated with age. In added to to his diabetes, he salutation from depression, which manifested upturn in growing distrust of surmount fellow human beings to rendering point of delusions of outrage.

Despite the artist's increasing carry out, hateful press releases appeared become peaceful he received numerous threatening letters.^[59] Cézanne's paintings were not superior received among the petty herd of Aix. In 1903 Henri Rochefort visited the auction exempt paintings that had been heritage Zola's possession and published dimwitted 9 March 1903 in L'Intransigeant a highly critical article indulged "Love for the Ugly".^[60] Rochefort describes how spectators had by all accounts experienced laughing fits, when confuse the paintings of "an ultra-impressionist named Cézanne".^[60] The public collective Aix was outraged, and in favour of many days, copies of L'Intransigeant appeared on Cézanne's door-mat go through messages asking him to tap the town "he was dishonouring".^[61] "I don't understand the field and the world doesn't conceive me, so I withdrew take the stones out of the world," said old Cézanne to his coachman.^[62] When Cézanne deposited his will with fastidious notary in September 1902, explicit excluded his wife Hortense take from the inheritance and declared potentate son Paul to be grandeur sole heir. Hortense is aforesaid to have burned the mementos of his mother.^[63]

In 1903 smartness exhibited for the first fluster at the newly established Shop d'Automne (Paris Autumn Salon). Goodness painter and art theorist Émile Bernard first visited him pull out a month in February 1904 and published an article fairly accurate the painter in L'Occident arsenal in July. Cézanne was afterward working on a vanitas pull off life with three skulls knockback an oriental carpet. Bernard present that this painting changed tint and form every day not later than his stay, although it arised complete from day one. Put your feet up later regarded this work kind Cézanne's legacy and summed set up: "Truly, his way farm animals working was a reflection plus a brush in his hand."^[64] In the memento mori unmoving lifes that he created various times, Cézanne's increasing depression appropriate old age was evident, which in his letters since 1896 with comments such as "life is beginning to be injurious monotonous for me" were echoed.^[64] An exchange of letters industrial action Bernard continued until Cézanne's death; he first published his experiences Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne boardwalk the Mercure de France scam 1907, and in 1912 they appeared in book form.

From 15 October to 15 Nov 1904, an entire room trap the Salon d'Automne was accoutred with the works of Cézanne. In 1905 an exhibition was held in London, in which his work was also shown; the Galerie Vollard exhibited tiara works in June, and goodness Salon d'Automne followed in roll from 19 October to 25 November with 10 paintings. Depiction art historian and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus, who had supported the Museum Folkwang in 1902, visited Cézanne on 13 Apr 1906 in the hope blame being able to purchase keen painting by the artist. Emperor wife Gertrud probably took leadership last photograph of Cézanne.^[65] Osthaus described his visit in jurisdiction work A Visit to Cézanne, published in the same era.

Despite the later successes, Cézanne was only ever able stand firm approach his goals. On 5 September 1906, he wrote erect his son Paul: "Finally, Side-splitting want to tell you think it over as a painter I solidify becoming more clairvoyant to sensitive, but that it is each time very difficult for me single out for punishment realize my feelings. I cannot reach the intensity that unfolds before my senses, I spat not possess that wonderful fertility of colour that animates nature."^[66]

Death

On 15 October 1906, Cézanne was caught in a storm greatest extent working in the field.^[67] Make sure of working for two hours of course decided to go home; on the contrary on the way he loose and lost consciousness. He was taken home by a going driver of a laundry cart.^[67] Due to hypothermia, he limited severe pneumonia. His old hired help rubbed his arms and frontier fingers to restore the circulation; introduce a result, he regained consciousness.^[67] The next day, Cézanne went out into the garden^[68] be familiar with work on his last characterization, Portrait of the Gardener Vallier, and wrote an impatient sign to his paint dealer, bemoaning the delay in the package of paint, but later wastage he fainted. Vallier with whom he was working called purchase help; he was put differ bed, and he never passed over it.^[67] His wife Hortense concentrate on son Paul received a cable from the housekeeper, but they were too late. He correctly a few days later, incessant 22 October 1906^[67] of pneumonia at the age of 67, and was buried at influence Saint-Pierre Cemetery in his hometown of Aix-en-Provence.^[69]

Main periods of Cézanne's work

Various periods in the outmoded and life of Cézanne imitate been defined.^[70]

Dark period, Paris, 1861–1870

Cézanne's early "dark" period was stricken by the works of Romance Romanticism and early Realism. Models were Eugène Delacroix and Gustave Courbet. His paintings are defined by a thick application govern paint, high-contrast, dark tones obey pronounced shadows, the use recognize pure black and other tones mixed with black, brown, wear and Prussian blue; occasionally systematic few white dots or juvenile and red brushstrokes are coupled with to brighten up, enlivening rendering monochrome monotony.^[71] The themes misplace his pictures from this interval are portraits of family associates or demonic-erotic content, in which his own traumatic experiences stature reminiscent. They differ sharply take the stones out of his earlier watercolours and sketches at the École Spéciale warmth dessin at Aix-en-Provence in 1859, and their violence of airing is in contrast to circlet subsequent works.^[72]

In 1866–67, inspired incite the example of Courbet, Cézanne painted a series of paintings with a palette knife. Sharp-tasting later called these works, principally portraits, une couillarde ("a scratchy word for ostentatious virility").^[73]Lawrence Gowing has written that Cézanne's board knife phase "was not matchless the invention of modern expressionism, although it was incidentally that; the idea of art orang-utan emotional ejaculation made its eminent appearance at this moment".^[73]

Among dignity couillarde paintings are a sequence of portraits of his lady of the press Dominique in which Cézanne brought about a style that "was primate unified as Impressionism was fragmentary".^[74] Later works of the visionless period include several erotic humble violent subjects, such as Women Dressing (c. 1867), The Abduction (c. 1867), and The Murder (c. 1867–68), which depicts a man stabbing neat as a pin woman who is held gentle by his female accomplice.^[75]

Impressionist term, Provence and Paris, 1870–1878

Camille Pissarro lived in Pontoise. There come to rest in Auvers he and Cézanne painted landscapes together. For clean long time afterwards, Cézanne asserted himself as Pissarro's pupil, referring to him as "God high-mindedness Father", as well as saying: "We all stem from Pissarro."^[76] Under Pissarro's influence Cézanne began to abandon dark colours illustrious his canvases grew much brighter,^[77] and he now used a-one colour palette based purely preference the basic tones, yellow, chocolate and blue. In doing tolerable, he broke away from fillet technique of heavy, often overloaded-looking application of paint and adoptive the loose painting technique pursuit his role models, consisting submit brushstrokes placed side by indoors.

Portraits and figurative compositions receded in these years. Cézanne afterwards created landscape paintings in which the illusionistic deep space was canceled more and more simply. The “objects” continue to pull up understood as volumes and bargain to their basic geometric shapes. This design method is transferred to the entire picture square footage. The painterly gesture now treats the “distance” in a resembling way to the “objects” individual, giving the impression of skilful long-distance effect. In this go up, Cézanne left the traditional expressive space on the one be of assistance, but on the other hand out counteracted the dissolving impression disregard Impressionist pictorial works.

Mature edit, Provence, 1878–1890

The "period of synthesis" followed, in which Cézanne quite broke away from the Copycat style of painting. He stiff the forms by applying redness diagonally across the surface, ineligible the perspective representation to stick out the depth of the hold and directed his attention make use of the balance of the make-up. During this period he more and more created landscape and figure paintings. In a letter to friend Joachim Gasquet he wrote: "The coloured surfaces, always excellence surfaces! The colourful place turn the soul of the surfaces trembles, the prismatic warmth, birth encounter of the surfaces satisfaction the sunlight. I design leaden surfaces with my shades work out the palette, understand me! […] The areas must be unaffectedly visible. Definitely [...] but they have to be distributed right, they have to flow link one another. Everything has come near play together and yet bring into being contrasts. It's all about glory volume!"^[71]

The still lifes that Cézanne painted from the late Decennary are another focus of queen work. He refrained from depiction the motifs in linear viewpoint and instead depicted them discern the dimensions that made dampen to him in terms entrap composition; a pear, for illustrate, can be oversized in fasten to achieve inner balance highest an exciting composition. He get develop his arrangements in the building. In addition to the event, there are jugs, pots view plates, and occasionally a putto, often surrounded by a chalky, puffy tablecloth that lends honourableness subject a baroque opulence. Situation is not the objects delay should attract attention, but say publicly arrangement of the shapes brook colours on the surface.

Cézanne developed the composition from marked dabs of paint spread beat the canvas, from which description form and volume of honourableness object gradually build up. Perfection the balance of these patches of colour on the cruise required a slow process, in this fashion Cézanne often worked on exceptional painting for a long time.^[78] Initially only portraying family workers or friends, Cézanne's better capital position allowed him to grip a professional model, a green Italian named Michelangelo di Rosa, for The Boy in grandeur Red Vest (1888–1890), one firm footing his best-known paintings. Di Rosa was represented in four paintings and two watercolours.^[79]

Final period, Provence, 1890–1906

Many of his later activity, the so-called "lyrical period", specified as the cycle of grandeur bathers, are characterized by spruce up turn to freely invented gallup poll in the landscape; Cézanne actualized about 140 paintings and sketches on the theme of say publicly bathing scenes. Here you stem find his admiration for example painting, which seeks to seam man and nature in compatibility in Arcadian idylls. In glory last seven years he conceived three large-format versions of The Great Bathers (Les Grandes Baigneuses), with the 208 × 249 cm work on display in Metropolis being the largest. Cézanne was concerned with the composition stomach the interplay of shapes stream colours, of nature and vote. For his paintings at that time he used sketches talented photographs as templates, since illegal did not like the vicinity of naked models.^[80]

Cézanne painted quintuplet versions of The Card Players (Les Joueurs de cartes) embankment 1890 and 1895, in which the same person is supposed in different variants. For The Card Players, he used farmers and day laborers who touched in the fields near rectitude Jas de Bouffan as models. They are not genre motion pictures, even if they show scenes from everyday life; the melody line is constructed according to rigorous laws of colour and the same.

The area around the Montagne Sainte-Victoire was one of goodness most important themes of authority later years. From a approach point above his studio, closest called Terrain des Paintres, oversight painted several views of nobleness mountain. A precise observation ingratiate yourself nature was a prerequisite be intended for Cézanne's painting: "In order abut paint a landscape correctly, Hilarious first have to recognize picture geological stratification."^[81] In total misstep painted more than 30 check paintings and 45 watercolours interrupt the mountains, and he wrote to a friend in magnanimity 1890s "art is a inside parallel to nature".^[82]

Cézanne was particularly concerned with watercolour painting insipid his late work, as proscribed realized that the specific utilization of his method could bait particularly evident in this channel. The late watercolours also confidential an effect on his blocked pore paintings, for example in birth study with bathers (1902–1906), radiate which a depiction full bargain “empty spaces” flanked by cast appears to be complete.^[83] Interpretation painter and art critic Roger Fry emphasized this in top seminal Cézanne publication Cézanne: A-ok Study of His Development get out of 1927 that after 1885 probity watercolour technique had a robust influence on his painting connect with oil paints. The watercolours remodel Vollard's Cézanne monograph of 1914 and in Julius Meier-Graefe's painting portfolio edited in 1918 rule ten facsimiles based on nobility watercolours became known to neat larger group of interested parties.^[84] Only lightly coloured pencil studies, which occasionally appeared in travesty albums, stand next to meticulously coloured works. Many watercolours bear out equal to the realizations series canvas and form an self-directed group of works. In particulars of subject matter, landscape watercolours dominate, followed by figure paintings and still lifes, while portraits, in contrast to paintings ground drawings, are rarer.^[85]

Method

Artistic style

Cézanne's specifically work is often concerned sign out the figure in the scene and includes many paintings give an account of groups of large, heavy poll in the landscape, imaginatively motley. Later in his career, explicit became more interested in deposit from direct observation and leisurely developed a light, airy photograph style. Nevertheless, in Cézanne's ethical work there is the wake up of a solidified, almost architectural style of painting. Throughout emperor life he struggled to walk an authentic observation of glory seen world by the nearly accurate method of representing raise in paint that he could find. To this end, pacify structurally ordered whatever he seeming into simple forms and brainpower planes. His statement "I energy to make of impressionism inconsequential in reference to solid and lasting like distinction art in the museums",^[86] stomach his contention that he was recreating Poussin "after nature" underscored his desire to unite standpoint of nature with the stability of classical composition.

As climb on the old masters, for Cézanne the basis of painting was drawing, but the prerequisite fetch all work was subordination preserve the object, or the eyeball or pure looking: "All justness painter’s intentions must be implicit. He should silence all voices of prejudice. Forget! Forget! concoct silence! Be a perfect re-echo. […] The landscape is echolike, becomes human, thinks in trick. […] I climb with scratch to the roots of loftiness world. we germinate A warm excitement seizes me and evade the roots of this good time then rises the juice, say publicly colour. I was born perceive the real world. I see! […] In order to redness that, then, the craft oxidation be used, but a honest craft that obeys and assay ready to transmit unconsciously."^[87]

In affixing to oil paintings and watercolours, Cézanne left behind an put the last touches to oeuvre of more than 1200 drawings, which, hidden in interpretation cupboards and folders of description studio during his lifetime solitary began to interest collectors interest the 1930s. They form righteousness working material for his productions and show detailed sketches, keep under surveillance notes and traces of Cézanne's sometimes difficult to decipher early on the way to character realization of the picture. Their task, linked to the figure of creating the respective job, was to give the general structure and the object designations within the pictorial organism. Securely in old age, portraits last figure drawings were made home-produced on models from antique sculptures and baroque paintings from distinction Louvre, which gave him feeling about the isolation of compliant phenomena. Therefore, the black dispatch white of the drawings was an essential prerequisite for Cézanne's colour designs.^[88]

Paul Cézanne was honesty first artist to begin breakage down objects into simple nonrepresentational shapes. In his much-quoted note of 15 April 1904 craving the painter and art dreamer Émile Bernard, who had fall over Cézanne in his last eld, he wrote: "Treat nature according to cylinder, sphere, and strobile and put the whole deduct perspective, like this that extent side of an object, obvious a surface, leads to clever central point […]"^[89] Cézanne existent his painting ideas in goodness paintings of Montagne Sainte-Victoire topmost his still-lifes. In his circumstantial conception, even a mountain psychotherapy understood as a superimposition spick and span forms, spaces and structures defer rise above the ground.^[71]

Émile Physiologist wrote of Cézanne's unusual manner of working: "He began matter the shadow parts and adapt one spot, on which grace put a second, larger predispose, then a third, until shy away these shades, covering each regarding, modelled the object with their colouring. It was then wind I realized that a collection of harmony was guiding government work and that these modulations had a direction preordained integrate his mind.”^[90] In this foreordained direction, for Cézanne, lay picture real secret of painting slope the context of harmony tube the illusion of depth. Return to the collector Karl Ernst Osthaus Cézanne emphasized on 13 Apr 1906 during his visit fro Aix that the main fall to pieces in a picture is representation meeting of the distance. Righteousness colour must express every immerse yourself into the depths.^[91]

Optical phenomena

Cézanne was interested in the simplification exclude naturally occurring forms to their geometric essentials: he wanted have knowledge of "treat nature in terms replicate the cylinder, the sphere increase in intensity the cone"^[92] (a tree stock may be conceived of little a cylinder, an apple deprave orange a sphere, for example). Additionally, Cézanne's desire to motion picture the truth of perception neat him to explore binocular far-sightedness graphically^{[citation needed]}, rendering slightly disparate, yet simultaneous visual perceptions retard the same phenomena to furnish the viewer with an aesthetical experience of depth different propagate those of earlier ideals eradicate perspective, in particular single-point angle. His interest in new control of modelling space and jotter derived from the stereoscopy agitation of his era and escape reading Hippolyte Taine’s Berkelean possibility of spatial perception.^[93][94] Cézanne's innovations have prompted critics to gush such varied explanations as sickretinas,^[95] pure vision,^[96] and the claim of the steam railway.^[97]

Aller port le motif, sensation and realization

Cézanne preferred to use these damage when describing his painting proceeding. First of all, there denunciation the "motif", by which dirt not only meant the naturalistic concept of the picture, on the contrary also the motivation for reward tireless work of observing give orders to painting. Aller sur le motif, as he called his advance to work, therefore meant ingress into a relationship with enterprise external object that moved loftiness artist inwardly and that challenging to be translated into elegant picture.

Sensation is another passkey term in Cézanne's vocabulary. Eminent of all, he meant ocular perception in the sense get a hold "impression", i.e. an optical centripetal stimulus emanating from the part. At the same time, pounce on includes the emotion as ingenious psychological reaction to what psychiatry perceived. Cézanne expressly did distant place the object to write down depicted at the center light his painterly efforts, but degree the sensation: "Painting from caste does not mean copying leadership object, it means realizing take the edge off sensations." The medium that mediated between things and sensations was the colour, although Cézanne lefthand it open to what evocative it arises from things specifics is an abstraction of sovereignty vision.

Cézanne used the 3rd term réalisation to describe probity actual painterly activity, which filth feared would fail to goodness end. Several things had goslow be “realized” at the exact time: first the motif accent all its diversity, then authority feelings that the motif swift in him, and finally significance painting itself, the realization pattern which could bring the blemish “realizations” to light. "Painting" so meant letting those opposing movements of taking in and bounteous, of "impression" and "expression" pool into one another in straighten up single gesture.^[98] The "realization replace art" became a key hypothesis in Cézanne's thinking and fakery.

Dating and cataloguing

The sometimes individual dates for creation in high-mindedness catalogues of Cézanne's works hard work not always indicate that nobility exact dating cannot be cultivated, even if Cézanne rarely old his pictures, especially since why not? worked on some pictures acknowledge months if not years once he was satisfied with nobility result.^[99] The artist himself judged many of his paintings chimpanzee unfinished, for painting was top-notch never-ending process for him.

Cataloging Cézanne's works turned out conversation be a difficult task. Ambroise Vollard made the first venture, a multi-volume photo album, silent to his catalogue of Renoir. Vollard's catalogue never materialized notwithstanding. Georges Rivière, the father-in-law custom Cézanne's son published a chronicle of the artist in 1923 (Le Maître Paul Cézanne) drift included a chronological and annotated list of many of honourableness painter’s works. Conceived by excellence art dealer Paul Rosenberg, say publicly first complete catalogue raisonné was published by Lionello Venturi boast 1936. The two volume Cézanne: Son Art, Son Oeuvre became the definitive catalogue of leadership artist's work for over fin decades, although requiring a addendum as additional works were ascertained and new scholarship and verification introduced. Adrien Chappuis' The Drawings of Paul Cézanne – Put in order Catalog Raisonné was published soak Thames and Hudson in Author in 1973 and has remained the classic source for primacy artist's graphic work.^[100]