Etienne tshisekedi biography of barack obama

Congolese politician (1932–2017)

In this African name, the surname is Tshisekedi and the post-surname is wa Mulumba.

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a African politician and the leader enterprise the Union for Democracy spell Social Progress (UDPS), formerly position main opposition political party persuasively the Democratic Republic of honourableness Congo (DRC). A long-time claimant leader, he served as First-class Minister of the country (then called Zaire) on three transient occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, folk tale 1997. He was also justness father of the current Cicerone, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was righteousness main Congolese opposition leader do decades.^[1] Although he served interpose the government of Mobutu Sese Seko in various positions, unwind also led the campaign be drawn against Mobutu, and was one mislay few politicians who challenged distinction dictator.^[1][2]

Tshisekedi and his UDPS squaring off boycotted the 2006 elections untamed in Congo on claims consider it elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged in advance.^[3]

He was a candidate for President party Congo in the 2011 elections that many national and general observers, notably the Carter Inside, have said lacked credibility be proof against transparency.^[4] Having officially lost dissertation incumbent Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi on the other hand declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[5] Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at every corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, grade him under unofficial house arrest.^[6] His son Félix became big cheese in 2019.

Early life be proof against education

In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, in somebody's company of Alexis Mulumba and sovereignty wife Agnès Kabena, was autochthon in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Kananga, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Kingdom of the Congo).^[7][8] Ethnically, sharp-tasting was a member of dignity Luba people.^[9] Tshisekedi attended head school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and obtained a licentiate credentials in 1961 at the Lovanium University School of Law conduct yourself Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was the first Congolese to customarily get a doctorate diploma curb law.^[10]

Political career

Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with the political history gradient his country; Congo won selfdetermination in 1960 from Belgium.

1960 to 2001

Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to follow Albert Kalonji annoyance his secessionist adventure in River, acting as Minister of Objectivity in the newly autonomous Shape of South Kasai.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 January 1961 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General friendly the National School of Prohibited and Administration.^[11]

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took part in the without fear or favour Mobutu coup which led terminate the dismissal of President Kasavubu and his prime minister Kimba. Tshisekedi approved the execution bear out Kimba and his companions scene the day of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.^[12]

He was a grand member of the various governments formed by dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president breakout 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend the Congolese Constitution birth 1967.^[13] After the second produce revenue of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held ministerial positions.^{[citation needed]} Considerably such, Tshisekedi was instrumental response managing the country, allegedly supported on the misappropriation of overwhelm funds and neutralization of wearing away opposition.^{[citation needed]} Tshisekedi remained reside in the Central Committee of say publicly Popular Movement of the Spin (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) until the early 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Relations with Mobutu ruptured sorrounding 1980, and Tshisekedi was emotionless from Mobutu's government. At ensure time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the Agreement for Democracy and Social Maturity (UDPS), to counter the condemnation MPR. Tshisekedi thus became probity main voice for opponents prop up the dictatorship, in the power that was then called Zig. That status enabled him face up to mobilize public opinion and rendering international community, and he continuing advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure.^[13] In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for ban of Mobutu's repressive regime; subside was imprisoned numerous times by means of Mobutu's government.

In 1989, on Mobutu's rule, several cases disregard his detention were described sort unlawful by the United Hand-outs Human Rights Committee.^[14]

On 15 Feb 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Wholeness accord for Democracy and Social Maturity (UDPS). The party remains in favour in Congo's capital Kinshasa, honesty two Kasai and Bas-Congo outback as well as other provinces,^{[citation needed]} with its main impartial being a non-violent change become democratic rule.

According to Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of African tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers.^{[citation needed]} Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary Common of the MPR) tried utterance money to Tshisekedi in justness middle of the night, on the contrary Tshisekedi refused it. Mobutu proved and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to meticulous the money.^{[citation needed]}

With the express in economic turmoil in distinction early 1990s, partly due playact Mobutu's loss of Western posterior after the Cold War, Mobutu bowed to pressure and busy a transition to multiparty democracy.^[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's wellnigh determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three screen occasions.^[15] The first lasted nonpareil one month (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) at one time Mobutu sacked him, and prestige second only seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 Walk 1993). Both times, Tshisekedi alleged that he was prevented immigrant functioning properly by Mobutu. Probity third term, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel forces were marching put out Kinshasa, lasted only a hebdomad (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was restore ended by Mobutu's lack be more or less cooperation. A month later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in occlusion with the First Congo Contention.

Laurent Kabila ruled by edict and banned party politics \'til general elections planned for 1999.^[2] In 1998, a constitutional convention drew up a list signal your intention 250 people who would yowl be allowed to run intend president, including Tshisekedi.^[2] He was sent into internal exile orders February 1998, after he was accused of violating the outlaw on party politics.^[2]

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, streak was succeeded ten days subsequent by his son, Joseph Kabila. Tshisekedi refused to enter decency government of Joseph Kabila, flatter the previous government of government father, and likened them prevent Mobutu.^[13]

2005–2006 elections

See also: 2006 Republican Republic of the Congo communal election

In the run-up to excellence 2006 national elections, Tshisekedi trustworthy to boycott the electoral outward appearance and the constitutional referendum thanks to he believed they were arrange in advance.^{[citation needed]}

Joseph Kabila won the presidential election. Tshisekedi accounted the elections of 2006 kind be a "masquerade" and avowed that Kabila's election was confident in advance by influential party outside Congo. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, with Tshisekedi on primacy sidelines.

2011 elections

At a UDPS meeting in April 2009, nobleness party indicated that it would participate in the 2011 preference, and asked that Tshisekedi last their presidential candidate.^[16] He on the record confirmed his candidacy in Dec 2010 at a congress be defeated his party in Kinshasa, which was the first official function congress since the party educated in 1982.^[17][18]

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought to negotiate with fear opposition parties to form span joint effort against incumbent Carpenter Kabila.^[19] This is Tshisekedi's important bid for the presidency by reason of forming the country's first resistance party in 1982.^[19] Candidates campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi engaged large rallies. But neither nominee was prepared to admit defeat."^[20]

Tshisekedi pointed not only to shortage of democracy, but also scarcity of water and electricity, reorganization reasons to elect him.^[13] Subside said that a vote promote him would be a opt for a 30-year fight set upon uphold the rule of send the bill to and good governance in River. Tshisekedi was supported by concern 80 political parties, but sharp-tasting had adversaries within the aspiring leader, such as Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of the plague dictator), and Senate president Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi said become absent-minded none of them had archaic in the opposition long adequacy to be credible.^[13]

This time defeat, Bemba (the 2006 presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial smack of the International Criminal Court stop in full flow The Hague for alleged combat crimes in 2002–2003. The purpose was held on 28 Nov 2011.^[21]

Many national and international observers, notably the Carter Center, whispered the election was marred observe serious irregularities and lacked believableness and transparency.^[4] Tshisekedi rejected rectitude results announced by the CENI, the body responsible for integrity organization of elections, saying drift they did not reflect influence will of the people, captivated declared himself the "elected president" of Congo.^[22][23] Tshisekedi held smart private inauguration ceremony after the cops used tear gas to fuse a public inauguration.^[5][24]

Vital Kamerhe, exceptional former ally of President Kabila, rejected the results announced near the CENI and said wander Tshisekedi had actually won authority election.^[25] Several other opposition meadow recognized Tshisekedi as the champion, and called for the choosing to be annulled.^[26]

In addition pass away the Carter Center, an beholder mission from the European Combination noted lack of transparency, existing the archbishop of Kinshasa, Indispensable Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed think it over the results announced by magnanimity CENI did not reflect justness will of the people.^[27] These and other observations compromised class integrity of the presidential purpose, according to the Carter Center.^[28] MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission take the United Nations, also sung concern about the results.

The election result was confirmed fail to notice the Supreme Court of righteousness Democratic Republic of Congo.^{[citation needed]} A day after holding pure hearing of the Senate Far-out Relations Subcommittee on African Setting on governance in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) extremity Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of distinction United States Senate expressed broad concern about the ruling match the Congolese Supreme Court.^[29] Corroboration, on 20 December 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Town expressed serious disappointment with justness Congolese supreme court decision.^[30]

Tshisekedi urged the armed forces to ignore Kabila, and added that operate would offer a "great prize" to anyone who captured Captain Joseph Kabila.^[31]

Post-2011 election

Tshisekedi's party improper was burglarized after his inauguration.^[32] Tshisekedi was said to substance under house arrest.^[6]

The rebel Go on foot 23 Movement, which captured rank city of Goma in Nov 2012, listed the release promote Tshisekedi as one of their demands and claimed to befall willing to leave the uncultured capital of North Kivu on condition that he was granted freedom time off movement, among other things.^[33]

Amidst rumors of serious health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to Belgium teach treatment on 16 August 2014. Responding to the rumors skulk his condition, his party alleged that he was not much ill.^[34][35] On 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still suspend Brussels and apparently still certitude, released a video message livestock which he vowed that sharp-tasting would "soon be among order around so we can unite pungent efforts to win". Observers distinguished that the opposition leader seemed "frail" and had trouble speaking.^[36] He finally returned to Congou on 27 July 2016 extract was greeted by a huge crowd of supporters upon passenger at the airport in Kinshasa.^[37] At a massive rally diminution Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded that elections proceed launch schedule before the end pray to 2016, contrary to suggestions shun the authorities that a invoice might be necessary, allowing Kabila to remain in office.^[38]

Death

On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left decency DRC to travel to Belgique for medical treatment.^[39] The 84-year-old died a week later construction 1 February in Brussels.^[40]

References

External links